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Pharmacology 2002
Pharmacology 2002

... differs markedly between ethnic groups. These genetic differences mean some people have an enzyme with reduced or no activity. Patients who are 'slow metabolisers' may have an increased risk of adverse reactions to a drug metabolised by the affected enzyme. One isoform, CYP2D6, also has alleles that ...
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... concentration gradient, aqueous solubility and film thickness on drug transport across the PVA films has been demonstrated in this study. These results highlight the potential to modify the rate of drug release from the GIRESTM system by altering these parameters and the ability to tailor the system ...
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... • Incomplete antigens - drugs with MW < 1000 - drugs acting as haptens bind to macromolecules (e.g. proteins, ...
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Causes of anaphylaxis - Oregon Emergency Medical Services
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... • Incomplete antigens - drugs with MW < 1000 - drugs acting as haptens bind to macromolecules (e.g. proteins, ...
Drug A
Drug A

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... frequently unilateral and nonpruritic and lasts for 1 to 2 h, although it may persist for 2 to 5 days. Urticaria and angioedema, when associated with drug use, are usually indicative of an IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction; this mechanism is typified by immediate reactions to penicill ...
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Neurobiology of Drug Addiction - National Center for State Courts
Neurobiology of Drug Addiction - National Center for State Courts

... Modified from: Heimer L and Alheid G, Piecing together the puzzle of basal forebrain anatomy. In: Napier TC, Kalivas PW and Hanin I (Eds), The Basal Forebrain: Anatomy to Function (series title: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 295), Plenum Press, New York, 1991, pp. 1-42. ...
Chemistry Outcomes
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... During the chemistry unit, you will look at three major areas that have influenced our understanding of chemistry. 1. You will look at what makes up matter and how matter can be changed (chemical reactions). 2. You will examine how matter be classified into different groups and predict how chemicals ...
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Highlights of FDA Activities - College of Pharmacy

... Photrexa Viscous: 3 mL glass syringe containing sterile 0.146% riboflavin ophthalmic solution with 20% dextran for topical administration Photrexa: 3 mL glass syringe containing sterile 0.146% riboflavin ophthalmic solution for topical administration For use with the KXL™ system • Following epitheli ...
Food/Nutrient Effects on Drugs
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... 3. Pick an element to balance.  Avoid element in multiple compounds.  Do free elements last.  Since Mg already balanced, pick O. 4. Find the LCM of both sides 5. and multiply each side by factor so it equals LCM.  LCM of 2 and 1 is 2. ...
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drugs affecting breast milk and lactation

... woman are detectable in her milk. • The concentration of drugs achieved in breast milk is usually low. • Even small amounts however may be of significance for the suckling child because his drug metabolic and eliminating mechanisms are immature. ...
Computational Pharmacology - Carnegie Mellon School of
Computational Pharmacology - Carnegie Mellon School of

... Outline Drug Discovery Approach • use the information in the databases and infer information that is not provided directly by genomics and proteomics data: higher level information => piece together all available information - to get detailed picture of a molecular process (or disease) - to identif ...
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Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
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