Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
... presence of other drugs. c. First-pass effect: absorbed drug passes via portal circulation through liver which may clear substantial fraction and thus decrease bioavailability (percent of dose which reaches the systemic circulation). 3. Parenteral Injection a. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular ( ...
... presence of other drugs. c. First-pass effect: absorbed drug passes via portal circulation through liver which may clear substantial fraction and thus decrease bioavailability (percent of dose which reaches the systemic circulation). 3. Parenteral Injection a. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular ( ...
A new trend in drugs-of-abuse
... phenethylamine designer drugs. These drugs of the 2C-series appeared on the market within a time interval of three years. The other substance found was 4-MTA, an amphetamine-like compound, which appearance was reported and discussed elsewhere 3, 11. Together with the purchased products, the shops ga ...
... phenethylamine designer drugs. These drugs of the 2C-series appeared on the market within a time interval of three years. The other substance found was 4-MTA, an amphetamine-like compound, which appearance was reported and discussed elsewhere 3, 11. Together with the purchased products, the shops ga ...
Administration of drugs to patients with swallowing difficulties
... classical example of a problematic drug for administration via an enteral feeding tube is phenytoin. Phenytoin absorption may be impaired both due to interaction with the enteral feed and due to binding to the feeding tube. An adequate approach needs to be planned out depending on the frequency of t ...
... classical example of a problematic drug for administration via an enteral feeding tube is phenytoin. Phenytoin absorption may be impaired both due to interaction with the enteral feed and due to binding to the feeding tube. An adequate approach needs to be planned out depending on the frequency of t ...
Synergistic Interaction of Cannabis and Garlic with
... people of ancient cultures without knowledge of their active ingredients. The common practice of taking crude extract orally is laden with hazards as the extracts may contain some toxic constituents. There is an ever increasing need to limit toxic clinical drugs 1. In modern times, the active ingred ...
... people of ancient cultures without knowledge of their active ingredients. The common practice of taking crude extract orally is laden with hazards as the extracts may contain some toxic constituents. There is an ever increasing need to limit toxic clinical drugs 1. In modern times, the active ingred ...
Toxic Effects
... Metallothionenes rich in SH groups Lower cellular concentrations by sequestration Prevention of damage by removal of xenobiotics before they reach the site of action Molecular mechanisms of activity eg the pesticide dimilin – acts on the site of formation of chitin. Thus only affects those arthropod ...
... Metallothionenes rich in SH groups Lower cellular concentrations by sequestration Prevention of damage by removal of xenobiotics before they reach the site of action Molecular mechanisms of activity eg the pesticide dimilin – acts on the site of formation of chitin. Thus only affects those arthropod ...
Commonly Abused Drugs
... manages the acute physical symptoms of withdrawal. For some individuals it is a precursor to effective drug addiction treatment. ...
... manages the acute physical symptoms of withdrawal. For some individuals it is a precursor to effective drug addiction treatment. ...
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION 1
... Is the name given by the manufacturer who first developed the drug. To prevent confusion and to reduce medication errors, medication orders should be written using the generic name ...
... Is the name given by the manufacturer who first developed the drug. To prevent confusion and to reduce medication errors, medication orders should be written using the generic name ...
Epinephrine
... • primary activity: stimulation of the betaadrenoceptors of the heart – contractility, cardiac output ...
... • primary activity: stimulation of the betaadrenoceptors of the heart – contractility, cardiac output ...
designer drugs - Alger County Courthouse.
... health code, is responsible for the assignment of substances to one of five schedules; once so scheduled, substances are by definition controlled substances and different statutes address their manufacture, possession, use and distribution. The controlled substances article informs us that the admin ...
... health code, is responsible for the assignment of substances to one of five schedules; once so scheduled, substances are by definition controlled substances and different statutes address their manufacture, possession, use and distribution. The controlled substances article informs us that the admin ...
Helping the Elderly Stay Active - University of Nebraska Medical
... Who would be able to help you in case of illness or emergency? Who would make health decisions for you if you were unable to make them for yourself? Inquire about current advanced directives Document these individuals in the medical record Become familiar with community services for the elderly ...
... Who would be able to help you in case of illness or emergency? Who would make health decisions for you if you were unable to make them for yourself? Inquire about current advanced directives Document these individuals in the medical record Become familiar with community services for the elderly ...
Methamphetamine
... psychotic features, including paranoia, auditory hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions (for example, the sensation of insects creeping on the skin, which is called “formication”). The paranoia can result in homicidal as well as suicidal thoughts. With chronic use, tolerance for methamphet ...
... psychotic features, including paranoia, auditory hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions (for example, the sensation of insects creeping on the skin, which is called “formication”). The paranoia can result in homicidal as well as suicidal thoughts. With chronic use, tolerance for methamphet ...
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... Part A Pharmacokinetic Processes First-pass elimination（首过消除） When a drug is absorbed across the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation. If the drug is rapidly metabolized by the liver or intestinal mucosa, the amount of unchanged drug that gains acc ...
... Part A Pharmacokinetic Processes First-pass elimination（首过消除） When a drug is absorbed across the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation. If the drug is rapidly metabolized by the liver or intestinal mucosa, the amount of unchanged drug that gains acc ...
downers - CNS Productions
... repeated exposures to foreign substances. One is that the body metabolizes the drug faster than normal, the nerve cells become less sensitive to the effects of the drug, the brain learns to compensate for effects by using other parts of the brain, and receptor sites retreat from the excess endorphin ...
... repeated exposures to foreign substances. One is that the body metabolizes the drug faster than normal, the nerve cells become less sensitive to the effects of the drug, the brain learns to compensate for effects by using other parts of the brain, and receptor sites retreat from the excess endorphin ...
Antibacterials II: Vancomycin, Linezolid, Daptomycin, Macrolides
... Adjust for decreased renal function – CrCl < 30, use qod ...
... Adjust for decreased renal function – CrCl < 30, use qod ...
DRUG THERAPY MONITORING Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM
... • People strain to hear what is said. Comprehension is made more difficult, particularly problem exist for hearing impaired patients. ¾ Physical barriers: • The distance between people where communication occurs is significant. • Pharmacy counters and OP dispensing hatches are physical barriers. Thi ...
... • People strain to hear what is said. Comprehension is made more difficult, particularly problem exist for hearing impaired patients. ¾ Physical barriers: • The distance between people where communication occurs is significant. • Pharmacy counters and OP dispensing hatches are physical barriers. Thi ...
Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD)
... If a there is a spill involving an extremely hazardous chemical, emergency responders should be contacted immediately. Dial 911 during and after normal business hours to contact the local emergency responders for your area and provide detail information to the emergency responders including chemical ...
... If a there is a spill involving an extremely hazardous chemical, emergency responders should be contacted immediately. Dial 911 during and after normal business hours to contact the local emergency responders for your area and provide detail information to the emergency responders including chemical ...
Medicare Drug Coverage Under Part A, Part B and Part D
... Part B can pay for some Part B covered drugs in hospitals and SNFs – If you don’t have Part A or your coverage has run out – The stay is not covered by Part A ...
... Part B can pay for some Part B covered drugs in hospitals and SNFs – If you don’t have Part A or your coverage has run out – The stay is not covered by Part A ...
final_prescribing-medications-in-the-older-adult_3.31.2017_crist-sm-1
... Adacel® (Sanofi Pasteur) is approved for adults 11-64 years of age ACIP recommends the use of Boostrix® in the older adult; however, if supply is not available or Adacel® is given instead, ACIP considers this immunogenic and provides protection so no need to also give Boostrix® Td: booster eve ...
... Adacel® (Sanofi Pasteur) is approved for adults 11-64 years of age ACIP recommends the use of Boostrix® in the older adult; however, if supply is not available or Adacel® is given instead, ACIP considers this immunogenic and provides protection so no need to also give Boostrix® Td: booster eve ...
MDR TB treatments during pregnancy
... bedaquiline, a new MDR-TB drug. Although animal testing showed no reproductive toxicity, all clinical trials that include bedaquiline in the MDR-TB regimen have excluded pregnant women. There is no scientific basis for this policy. Improve the collection of anecdotal reports and opportunistic data ...
... bedaquiline, a new MDR-TB drug. Although animal testing showed no reproductive toxicity, all clinical trials that include bedaquiline in the MDR-TB regimen have excluded pregnant women. There is no scientific basis for this policy. Improve the collection of anecdotal reports and opportunistic data ...
Premedication mgmc
... Sedation and anxiolysis Analgesia and amnesia Antisialagogue effect To maintain hemodynamic stability, including decrease in autonomic response To prevent and/or minimize the impact of aspiration To decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting Prophylaxis against allergic reaction VAAAAAS- ...
... Sedation and anxiolysis Analgesia and amnesia Antisialagogue effect To maintain hemodynamic stability, including decrease in autonomic response To prevent and/or minimize the impact of aspiration To decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting Prophylaxis against allergic reaction VAAAAAS- ...
Breastfeeding and Medications - Central MN Breastfeeding Coalition
... experience, but the combined data (including animal data if available) suggest that the drug may cause severe toxicity in a nursing infant, or breastfeeding is contraindicated because of the maternal condition for which the drug is indicated. Women should not breastfeed if they are taking the drug o ...
... experience, but the combined data (including animal data if available) suggest that the drug may cause severe toxicity in a nursing infant, or breastfeeding is contraindicated because of the maternal condition for which the drug is indicated. Women should not breastfeed if they are taking the drug o ...
The Fundamentals of Clinical Research
... • Human behavior is influenced by what we know or believe. In research there is a particular risk of expectation influencing findings, most obviously when there is some subjectivity in assessment, leading to biased results. Blinding (sometimes called masking) is used to try to eliminate such bias. • ...
... • Human behavior is influenced by what we know or believe. In research there is a particular risk of expectation influencing findings, most obviously when there is some subjectivity in assessment, leading to biased results. Blinding (sometimes called masking) is used to try to eliminate such bias. • ...
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
... increments no greater than 75 mg q 4 days, up to 225 mg/day (in divided doses); severely depressed patients may require up to 375 mg/day (in divided doses). Decrease dose by 50% in hepatic disease and by 25–50% in renal disease • Duloxetine: Initiate drug at 30 mg daily and increase to 60 mg bid. St ...
... increments no greater than 75 mg q 4 days, up to 225 mg/day (in divided doses); severely depressed patients may require up to 375 mg/day (in divided doses). Decrease dose by 50% in hepatic disease and by 25–50% in renal disease • Duloxetine: Initiate drug at 30 mg daily and increase to 60 mg bid. St ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.