Ferrario A, Kanavos P, Managed entry agreements for pharmaceuticals: the European experience. EMiNet, Brussels, Belgium
... reimbursement lists need to demonstrate that their drugs can provide additional benefit in relation to current therapies and value-for-money in order to obtain coverage. Data and the overall evidence base available at registration are often insufficient to accurately estimate the clinical and cost-e ...
... reimbursement lists need to demonstrate that their drugs can provide additional benefit in relation to current therapies and value-for-money in order to obtain coverage. Data and the overall evidence base available at registration are often insufficient to accurately estimate the clinical and cost-e ...
Chapter 22 - 2012 Book Archive
... are all relatively electropositive; that is, they tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions rather than gain them. Although group 13 includes aluminum, the most abundant metal on Earth, none of these elements was known until the early 19th century because they are never found in nature in their f ...
... are all relatively electropositive; that is, they tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions rather than gain them. Although group 13 includes aluminum, the most abundant metal on Earth, none of these elements was known until the early 19th century because they are never found in nature in their f ...
Cytotoxic Drug MANUAL
... Following The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) definition, hazardous drugs are drugs that pose a potential health risk from exposures in the workplace. They exhibit one or more of the following effects in humans or animals: • Carcinogenicity – capable of causing or promot ...
... Following The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) definition, hazardous drugs are drugs that pose a potential health risk from exposures in the workplace. They exhibit one or more of the following effects in humans or animals: • Carcinogenicity – capable of causing or promot ...
Modification of Microbial Polyacids for Drug Delivery Systems U
... degradation was followed by GPC and 1H NMR, while particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and their size and surface charge characterized by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurement. Assays of drug encapsulation and release were also performed and cytotoxicity tests were ...
... degradation was followed by GPC and 1H NMR, while particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and their size and surface charge characterized by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurement. Assays of drug encapsulation and release were also performed and cytotoxicity tests were ...
Characterization of the Effects of the Partial Dopamine Agonist
... sure to the progressive ratio schedule. The rats were then subjected to treatment with terguride immediately before the beginning of the session. Two effective doses of terguride were used, as established in the first two experiments (0.2 mg/kg, n 5 10 and 0.4 mg/kg, n 5 16). At least two days of ba ...
... sure to the progressive ratio schedule. The rats were then subjected to treatment with terguride immediately before the beginning of the session. Two effective doses of terguride were used, as established in the first two experiments (0.2 mg/kg, n 5 10 and 0.4 mg/kg, n 5 16). At least two days of ba ...
chemistry - University of Malaya
... in the Faculty of Science. The Department started operation in the academic year 1959/1960 and is one of the oldest departments in the faculty. The Department is the first institution of higher learning in Malaysia to receive the prestigious Royal Society of Chemistry, UK accreditation for its BSc ( ...
... in the Faculty of Science. The Department started operation in the academic year 1959/1960 and is one of the oldest departments in the faculty. The Department is the first institution of higher learning in Malaysia to receive the prestigious Royal Society of Chemistry, UK accreditation for its BSc ( ...
Chapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions
... Sample Problem A Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occurs when solid sodium oxide is added to water at room temperature and forms sodium hydroxide (dissolved in the water). Include symbols for physical states in the formula equation. Then balance the formula equation to ...
... Sample Problem A Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occurs when solid sodium oxide is added to water at room temperature and forms sodium hydroxide (dissolved in the water). Include symbols for physical states in the formula equation. Then balance the formula equation to ...
Syllabus Cambridge International A & AS Level Chemistry Syllabus code 9701
... These are not listed in order of priority. The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to: ...
... These are not listed in order of priority. The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to: ...
Methamphetamine Action Plan
... and enhanced mood. The effects of methamphetamine are dose dependent, however, the following effects will occur at greater or lesser levels; euphoria, increased activity and energy levels, dis-inhibition, sense of well-being, increased confidence (often termed ‘bullet-proof’), decreased appetite and ...
... and enhanced mood. The effects of methamphetamine are dose dependent, however, the following effects will occur at greater or lesser levels; euphoria, increased activity and energy levels, dis-inhibition, sense of well-being, increased confidence (often termed ‘bullet-proof’), decreased appetite and ...
patrick_tb_ch21
... This structure is more active than morphine. What is the principle reason for this? Feedback: The extra acetyl group masks a polar alcohol group such that the drug can cross the blood brain barrier more easily. Once in the brain, it can interact immediately with analgesic receptors since the importa ...
... This structure is more active than morphine. What is the principle reason for this? Feedback: The extra acetyl group masks a polar alcohol group such that the drug can cross the blood brain barrier more easily. Once in the brain, it can interact immediately with analgesic receptors since the importa ...
Characterization of Two Pharmacophores on the Multidrug
... Pascaud et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2000) all led to the same conclusion of several different specific sites on P-glycoprotein. However, the number of sites, their chemical selectivities, and their mutual relationships remain unclear. The molecular mechanism underlying the “multispecific” recognition ...
... Pascaud et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2000) all led to the same conclusion of several different specific sites on P-glycoprotein. However, the number of sites, their chemical selectivities, and their mutual relationships remain unclear. The molecular mechanism underlying the “multispecific” recognition ...
This copy is for personal use only
... analysis is considered the method of choice for evaluating and characterizing drug interactions for various fixed drug dose ratio combinations (usually, at three fixed-ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1). The original isobolographic analysis has a fundamental presumption requiring the parallelism of two DRR ...
... analysis is considered the method of choice for evaluating and characterizing drug interactions for various fixed drug dose ratio combinations (usually, at three fixed-ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1). The original isobolographic analysis has a fundamental presumption requiring the parallelism of two DRR ...
The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical
... lung surfactant a specific phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine occurs [4]. Phosphatidylserine is a component of the lipid–calcium–phosphate complex for deposition during bone formation [5], regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [6] and blood coagulation [7]. Natural phospholipid exc ...
... lung surfactant a specific phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine occurs [4]. Phosphatidylserine is a component of the lipid–calcium–phosphate complex for deposition during bone formation [5], regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [6] and blood coagulation [7]. Natural phospholipid exc ...
phytopharmacological review of trichosanthes dioica (patola)
... CONCLUSION The present study shows the Pharmacognostic & Physicochemical properties of various bioactive compounds present in T.dioica. Treatment of diseases like obesity, diabetes, constipation etc. is not easy and need prolonged treatment and so there is a need for safer drugs which can be used fo ...
... CONCLUSION The present study shows the Pharmacognostic & Physicochemical properties of various bioactive compounds present in T.dioica. Treatment of diseases like obesity, diabetes, constipation etc. is not easy and need prolonged treatment and so there is a need for safer drugs which can be used fo ...
microbial growth and nutrition
... Define the terms thermal death point and thermal death time and explain how they are useful for describing the susceptibility of a particular microorganism. Explain why heat is probably the best method to use if the material is not damage by it. List the advantages and disadvantages of using heat. D ...
... Define the terms thermal death point and thermal death time and explain how they are useful for describing the susceptibility of a particular microorganism. Explain why heat is probably the best method to use if the material is not damage by it. List the advantages and disadvantages of using heat. D ...
Substance Abuse: Cocaine This course expires on June 26, 2016.
... altering substances have taken hold in America, the use of cocaine continues to flourish. Cocaine abuse has resurfaced and it’s widely available on the streets. ...
... altering substances have taken hold in America, the use of cocaine continues to flourish. Cocaine abuse has resurfaced and it’s widely available on the streets. ...
Pharmacologically Active Drug Metabolites: Impact on Drug
... metabolizer; fu, fraction unbound in plasma; HMGCoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HPLC-MS, high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 5-HT, serotonin; IC50, ligand concentration yielding 50% of the maximum response; Kp,uu, ratio of unbound drug concentration within a tissue to ...
... metabolizer; fu, fraction unbound in plasma; HMGCoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HPLC-MS, high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 5-HT, serotonin; IC50, ligand concentration yielding 50% of the maximum response; Kp,uu, ratio of unbound drug concentration within a tissue to ...
The Potential of Cyclodextrins as Novel Active Pharmaceutical
... Cyclodextrins (CDs) are chemical entities of natural origin, which are derived from bacterial degradation of starch through the metabolic action of cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase enzyme (GCTase). This peculiar enzyme is present in several species of alkalophilic bacillus species (e.g., Bacillus m ...
... Cyclodextrins (CDs) are chemical entities of natural origin, which are derived from bacterial degradation of starch through the metabolic action of cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase enzyme (GCTase). This peculiar enzyme is present in several species of alkalophilic bacillus species (e.g., Bacillus m ...
How to Protect Yourself Against Malaria
... remaining effective through several washings. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions. These products are available in many travel health clinics and outdoor equipment stores. (Note that permethrin products are not sold in Canada.) There are several good reasons for using bed nets in addition to prev ...
... remaining effective through several washings. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions. These products are available in many travel health clinics and outdoor equipment stores. (Note that permethrin products are not sold in Canada.) There are several good reasons for using bed nets in addition to prev ...
Stability of Sodium Nitroprusside and Sodium Thiosulfate 1:10
... To combat cyanide toxicity, thiosulfate (TS) can be administered with nitroprusside, which has been demonstrated to have equal efficacy in the treatment of hypertensive crises4 and cerebral vasospasm,5 with no adverse events reported. This study was designed to determine chemical stability, via a hi ...
... To combat cyanide toxicity, thiosulfate (TS) can be administered with nitroprusside, which has been demonstrated to have equal efficacy in the treatment of hypertensive crises4 and cerebral vasospasm,5 with no adverse events reported. This study was designed to determine chemical stability, via a hi ...
The effects of green tea polyphenols on drug metabolism
... in vitro and in vivo. Areas covered: This article reviews the current literature on the chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents, mainly catechins from green tea. The article also provides a review of their effects on the absorption, efflux, metabolism and elimination of different drugs. ...
... in vitro and in vivo. Areas covered: This article reviews the current literature on the chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents, mainly catechins from green tea. The article also provides a review of their effects on the absorption, efflux, metabolism and elimination of different drugs. ...
Chapter 8 Notes
... Sample Problem A Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occurs when solid sodium oxide is added to water at room temperature and forms sodium hydroxide (dissolved in the water). Include symbols for physical states in the formula equation. Then balance the formula equation to ...
... Sample Problem A Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occurs when solid sodium oxide is added to water at room temperature and forms sodium hydroxide (dissolved in the water). Include symbols for physical states in the formula equation. Then balance the formula equation to ...
Medical importance of Cupressus sempervirens
... The chloroform and methanol leaf extracts of Cupressus sempervirens were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. Antiradical activity of the chloroform extract (50 μg/ml) was 6 %, while that of methanol extract (50 μg/ml) was 65 % (95). The antioxidant activities of Cupressus sempervir ...
... The chloroform and methanol leaf extracts of Cupressus sempervirens were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. Antiradical activity of the chloroform extract (50 μg/ml) was 6 %, while that of methanol extract (50 μg/ml) was 65 % (95). The antioxidant activities of Cupressus sempervir ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.