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Ranzith®
Ranzith®

... Ranzith® Granules for 15 ml Suspension: After reconstitution, each 5 ml suspension will contain Azithromycin Dihydrate USP equivalent to 200 mg Azithromycin. Ranzith® Granules for 30 ml Suspension: After reconstitution, each 5 ml suspension will contain Azithromycin Dihydrate USP equivalent to 200 m ...
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Manual on rehabilitation and recovery of drug users
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... The manual presents the findings on the project exchange on recovery-oriented rehabilitation programs and provides suggestions for practitioners in the field of addiction and for policymakers interested in recovery as a strategy and paradigm in drug policy intervention. The Chapters from 1 to 4 are ...
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... trusion of a formulation from a plastic bottle with respect to the bottle’s design, type of orifice, and thickness of the plastic. They also measured the shearing rates involved in high-speed tube filling and extrusion from collapsible tubes and assessed their effect on the formulation contained wit ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
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... compounds that dissolve in a solvent are said to be soluble, while those that do not are said to be insoluble  NaCl is soluble in water, AgCl is insoluble in water  the degree of solubility depends on the temperature  even insoluble compounds dissolve, just not enough to be ...
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... or unstable. From an unstable hydroxylated metabolite a group may break off spontaneously: an alkyl group, ammonia, a halogen atom, or sulfur atom; such reactions are called oxidative dealkylation, oxidative deamination, oxidative dehalogenation, and oxidative desulfuration, respectively. CYP can al ...
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drug information - NurseCe4Less.com

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... ¾ Atoms of one element are different from atoms of all other elements. ¾ Different properties explained by assuming atoms are not the same type The second hypothesis: ¾ To form a certain compound, need atoms of right elements, and proportion. ¾ Extension of a law published in 1799 by Joseph Proust ¾ ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

... the greater component that keeps its state is called the solvent  if both components start in the same state, the major component ...
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Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
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