A short history of anti-rheumatic therapy VIII. The
... be administered either orally or by intravenous (iv) injection. But a particular method of administration, that of “pulse therapy” involving high individual doses administered by iv injection (28) was proposed at the end of the 1970s4 (29). This has the advantage of greater and quicker efficacy and ...
... be administered either orally or by intravenous (iv) injection. But a particular method of administration, that of “pulse therapy” involving high individual doses administered by iv injection (28) was proposed at the end of the 1970s4 (29). This has the advantage of greater and quicker efficacy and ...
programme highlights - Harm Reduction International
... Hard to reach communities – who do we mean and why do we talk about them? Pye Jakobsson,Rose Alliance, Sweden Often service providers express concerns and frustrations regarding working with, so called, 'hard to reach' groups. People are seen as being especially hard to reach if they belong to more ...
... Hard to reach communities – who do we mean and why do we talk about them? Pye Jakobsson,Rose Alliance, Sweden Often service providers express concerns and frustrations regarding working with, so called, 'hard to reach' groups. People are seen as being especially hard to reach if they belong to more ...
Covalent inhibitors in drug discovery: from accidental discoveries to
... reasons for the attrition of drug candidates during large-scale clinical trials [31]. While pharmaceutical teams continue to hedge against attrition by careful target and patient selection [32], the main defense of medicinal chemists against attrition is to synthesize drug-like molecules that are ma ...
... reasons for the attrition of drug candidates during large-scale clinical trials [31]. While pharmaceutical teams continue to hedge against attrition by careful target and patient selection [32], the main defense of medicinal chemists against attrition is to synthesize drug-like molecules that are ma ...
15. Recent Trends in Sustained Release Drug Delivery System
... For every disease or disorder state of the patient, proper medication is of prime importance to maintain the patient in good health. To achieve this, the medicine or drug is administered Conventionally by one or more of several well defined and popular routes of drug administration Including oral, p ...
... For every disease or disorder state of the patient, proper medication is of prime importance to maintain the patient in good health. To achieve this, the medicine or drug is administered Conventionally by one or more of several well defined and popular routes of drug administration Including oral, p ...
REFERENCE GUIDE FOR THE PHARMACY LICENSING EXAM
... serious cardiovascular events, and stroke when administered erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to target hemoglobin levels of 13 g/dL and above. Therefore, it is advisable to individualize dosing to achieve and maintain hemoglobin levels within the range of 10 to 12 g/dL or precisely 11 g/dL. ...
... serious cardiovascular events, and stroke when administered erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to target hemoglobin levels of 13 g/dL and above. Therefore, it is advisable to individualize dosing to achieve and maintain hemoglobin levels within the range of 10 to 12 g/dL or precisely 11 g/dL. ...
... unknown but it does stimulate central nervous system (CNS) activity by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and increasing the release of the norepinephrine and dopamine in to the extra neuronal space. There are a number of nonstimulant medications that may be used as alternatives; these include ...
Drugs Shatter Lives
... • Distorted sensory perception, impaired or slowed reflexes and/or a lack of physical coordination Paraphernalia Associated with Drug Use: • Coolers, insulated bags, flasks or any other item that can be used for concealing alcohol. • Look for liquor bottles or cans discarded near the drinker, or in ...
... • Distorted sensory perception, impaired or slowed reflexes and/or a lack of physical coordination Paraphernalia Associated with Drug Use: • Coolers, insulated bags, flasks or any other item that can be used for concealing alcohol. • Look for liquor bottles or cans discarded near the drinker, or in ...
Lithium sulfate
... Metabolism and excretion Li is not metabolized. Because Li chemical similarity to sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), it may interact or interfere with biochemical pathways for these substances and displace these cations from intra- or extracellular compartments of the body [2]. Li seems to be transpor ...
... Metabolism and excretion Li is not metabolized. Because Li chemical similarity to sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), it may interact or interfere with biochemical pathways for these substances and displace these cations from intra- or extracellular compartments of the body [2]. Li seems to be transpor ...
Basic Reference Format - University of Montana
... contains the fact being referenced. Sentences with multiple references should have the references listed at the end of the sentence or throughout the sentence if each part is from a separate reference. If the sentence mentions the authors’ names, the reference number immediately follows the names. E ...
... contains the fact being referenced. Sentences with multiple references should have the references listed at the end of the sentence or throughout the sentence if each part is from a separate reference. If the sentence mentions the authors’ names, the reference number immediately follows the names. E ...
NRDC Bottled Water Quality Study (1999)
... Government’s Drug Testing Program to find one user • Most workers identified are occasional moderate users rather than drug abusers; more than half test positive only for marijuana ...
... Government’s Drug Testing Program to find one user • Most workers identified are occasional moderate users rather than drug abusers; more than half test positive only for marijuana ...
intramuscularly
... Biotransformation primarily takes place in the liver. The most important pathway is N-demethylation to norketamine. When administered orally or rectally, initial plasma norketamine concentrations are higher than those of ketamine are, but the plasma area under the curve (AUC) for norketamine is simi ...
... Biotransformation primarily takes place in the liver. The most important pathway is N-demethylation to norketamine. When administered orally or rectally, initial plasma norketamine concentrations are higher than those of ketamine are, but the plasma area under the curve (AUC) for norketamine is simi ...
Drug concentration in lung tissue in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
... less affected lung tissue. Only one report, an overview by DARTOIS et al. [3], has addressed the question of how well second-line TB drugs penetrate into diseased lung and other tissues in relation to TDM but, unlike data on first-line drugs in resected lung tissue, no paired tissue and blood data h ...
... less affected lung tissue. Only one report, an overview by DARTOIS et al. [3], has addressed the question of how well second-line TB drugs penetrate into diseased lung and other tissues in relation to TDM but, unlike data on first-line drugs in resected lung tissue, no paired tissue and blood data h ...
After myocardial infarction carvedilol improves insulin resistance
... declined even in developing countries. Many potentially fatal diseases can be completely cured by modern treatments; however, the number of patients suffering from particular chronic diseases like diabetes and some of the cardiovascular disease have been increased because of the modern drugs are not ...
... declined even in developing countries. Many potentially fatal diseases can be completely cured by modern treatments; however, the number of patients suffering from particular chronic diseases like diabetes and some of the cardiovascular disease have been increased because of the modern drugs are not ...
Mutational Analysis of the Enzymatic Domain of Clostridium difficile
... • What is pseudomembranous colitis? -severe irritation of the colon -caused by C.difficile when the normal flora of the gut is wiped out due to antibiotic use -illness characteristics 1. diarrhea 2. fever 3. abdominal cramping/pain ...
... • What is pseudomembranous colitis? -severe irritation of the colon -caused by C.difficile when the normal flora of the gut is wiped out due to antibiotic use -illness characteristics 1. diarrhea 2. fever 3. abdominal cramping/pain ...
Genetic toxicology of abused drugs: a brief review
... multiple computer automated structure evaluation (MULTICASE) structure-activity relational expert systems for prediction of carcinogenic activity has suggested that codeine could be a rodent carcinogen (Zhang et al, 1996). Coca and cocaine Cocaine, a major alkaloid isolated from coca leaf (Kleber, 1 ...
... multiple computer automated structure evaluation (MULTICASE) structure-activity relational expert systems for prediction of carcinogenic activity has suggested that codeine could be a rodent carcinogen (Zhang et al, 1996). Coca and cocaine Cocaine, a major alkaloid isolated from coca leaf (Kleber, 1 ...
A future free from - Injex needle free injections
... that the dosage is systemic rather than directed to a particular organ, and therefore drug concentration is only at the optimal level in the body for a limited time. This need for specialised drug delivery devices for new drugs and therapeutics will also drive the growth of needle-free systems. Drug ...
... that the dosage is systemic rather than directed to a particular organ, and therefore drug concentration is only at the optimal level in the body for a limited time. This need for specialised drug delivery devices for new drugs and therapeutics will also drive the growth of needle-free systems. Drug ...
Mini Drug Pump For Ophthalmic Use
... the world.1 Frequent pharmacologic intervention plays a major role in the management of these diseases.2,3 Successful treatment of an ocular disease requires optimal intraocular concentration of drugs for a sufficient period of time.4 Some of the limitations of current methods of ocular drug deliver ...
... the world.1 Frequent pharmacologic intervention plays a major role in the management of these diseases.2,3 Successful treatment of an ocular disease requires optimal intraocular concentration of drugs for a sufficient period of time.4 Some of the limitations of current methods of ocular drug deliver ...
INDIGOFERA ASPHALATHOIDES – Full Proceeding Paper
... among the world population, there is an increasing trend towards the usage of herbal medicines which may be probably due to the side effects and enormous cost involved in modern medicines. At present people are turning towards the herbal wound healers so as to prevent allergy and other complications ...
... among the world population, there is an increasing trend towards the usage of herbal medicines which may be probably due to the side effects and enormous cost involved in modern medicines. At present people are turning towards the herbal wound healers so as to prevent allergy and other complications ...
Comparison of Nitrate Preparations
... etc), are formulated to delay the release of the drug. This helps ensure that the drug is released in a specific part of the GI tract so exposure to acid, which could destroy the drug, is reduced. Most oral liquids can be thought of as similar to immediate-release tablets or capsules. Liquids can co ...
... etc), are formulated to delay the release of the drug. This helps ensure that the drug is released in a specific part of the GI tract so exposure to acid, which could destroy the drug, is reduced. Most oral liquids can be thought of as similar to immediate-release tablets or capsules. Liquids can co ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS)
... along with other systemic manifestations, which could be easily managed on shifting to a daily regimen. We present a patient who developed rifampicin-induced fever without any other evidence of flu-like illness. This is very rarely, if encountered in clinical practice and contradicts our diagnosis. ...
... along with other systemic manifestations, which could be easily managed on shifting to a daily regimen. We present a patient who developed rifampicin-induced fever without any other evidence of flu-like illness. This is very rarely, if encountered in clinical practice and contradicts our diagnosis. ...
Quality assessment of samples of generic and similar aspirin tablets
... takes for being released and dissolved in liquids from the absorption site (Ansel et al., 2000). This quality parameter is extremely important for solid dosage forms, since the drug has to be dissolved in biological fluids for being absorbed (Aulton, 2006). The solid pharmaceutical forms for oral us ...
... takes for being released and dissolved in liquids from the absorption site (Ansel et al., 2000). This quality parameter is extremely important for solid dosage forms, since the drug has to be dissolved in biological fluids for being absorbed (Aulton, 2006). The solid pharmaceutical forms for oral us ...
Beyond Antibodies
... Types and Features BITE technology [Micromet] Antibody-ligand fusion proteins [Apoptosis inducing] Terminology ...
... Types and Features BITE technology [Micromet] Antibody-ligand fusion proteins [Apoptosis inducing] Terminology ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.