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... - Efficient and state-selective single-atom detection ...
N 2
N 2

... For a normal population of atoms, there will always be more atoms in the lower energy levels than in the upper ones. Since the probability for an individual atom to absorb a photon is the same as the probability for an excited atom to emit a photon via stimulated emission, the collection of real ato ...
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... In 1900 Max Planck said that atoms and molecules could emit (or absorb) energy only in discrete quantities. The smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation is called a quantum. The energy E of a single quantum of energy is given by E = h h ...
Models of the Atom - Red Hook Central Schools
Models of the Atom - Red Hook Central Schools

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... Example 1: What is the wavelength of the first Lyman line? The first Lyman line is a transition from -3.4 eV to -13.6 eV, so it releases 10.2 eV of energy. A photon with this energy has this wavelength: E = (10.2)(1.602E-19) = 1.63404E-18 J E = hc/λ, λ = hc/E = (6.626E-34)(3.00E8)/(1.63404E-18) = 1 ...
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CHAPTER 2: ATOMS, IONS, AND COMPOUNDS

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... PS 3: The student will investigate and understand the modern and historical models of atomic structure.  A. The contributions of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr in understanding the atom.  Dalton: said the atom was a solid sphere, stated that all elements are made of indestructible particles ...
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... in a perfect circle. In such a case, the circumference would have to be an integer multiple of the electrons wavelength i.e. 2πr=nλ, where n is any integer (see figure). This explains why electrons could only orbit at certain radii, only when there would be no ‘self’ interference and no associated e ...
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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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