Frontostriatal mechanisms in instruction-based learning
... desired outcome under different circumstances is a pivotal expression of human behavioral flexibility. For humans the most efficient way to acquire such novel goal-directed behavior is to make use of explicit instructions. Imagine an infant girl being told to firmly press the biscuit cutter into the do ...
... desired outcome under different circumstances is a pivotal expression of human behavioral flexibility. For humans the most efficient way to acquire such novel goal-directed behavior is to make use of explicit instructions. Imagine an infant girl being told to firmly press the biscuit cutter into the do ...
How and Why Brains Create Meaning from Sensory Information
... from the environment. That information is got by intentional action into the environment, followed by sensory stimulation and learning from consequences of the action. A stimulus such as a light, an odor, or a tone contains information that serves to represent to the animal the state of its environm ...
... from the environment. That information is got by intentional action into the environment, followed by sensory stimulation and learning from consequences of the action. A stimulus such as a light, an odor, or a tone contains information that serves to represent to the animal the state of its environm ...
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... B. The Limbic System: Emotions, Memories and More Only mammals have a fully developed limbic system, a diverse collection of structures wrapped around the thalamus, enhancing capacity for emotions and memory and maintaining a balanced condition within the body. The Hippocampus and Memory The hip ...
... B. The Limbic System: Emotions, Memories and More Only mammals have a fully developed limbic system, a diverse collection of structures wrapped around the thalamus, enhancing capacity for emotions and memory and maintaining a balanced condition within the body. The Hippocampus and Memory The hip ...
Branching dendrites with active spines
... The dominant theory of learning and memory in neurons is based upon the idea of Hebb: when an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or consistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells ...
... The dominant theory of learning and memory in neurons is based upon the idea of Hebb: when an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or consistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells ...
The Brain (Handout)
... cords join and finish in a single central stretch. These lines of ganglia are sometimes called the sympathetic trunks (used by the sympathetic nervous system). Not all ganglia are located in the sympathetic trunks. Some are not; and it is possible for a preganglionic fiber to go right through, makin ...
... cords join and finish in a single central stretch. These lines of ganglia are sometimes called the sympathetic trunks (used by the sympathetic nervous system). Not all ganglia are located in the sympathetic trunks. Some are not; and it is possible for a preganglionic fiber to go right through, makin ...
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... the low frequencies is shown in Figure 3A. In this Figure the most evident pattern of differences is observed between a significant proportion of gray matter and the rest of the brain, including all white matter regions, where the lowest values of connectivity are found. Within the cortex there are ...
... the low frequencies is shown in Figure 3A. In this Figure the most evident pattern of differences is observed between a significant proportion of gray matter and the rest of the brain, including all white matter regions, where the lowest values of connectivity are found. Within the cortex there are ...
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... Participants were instructed to learn to control and maintain the spaceship within a particular range of velocity and a bounded area on the screen. These two subtasks were reflected by the velocity and control scores respectively, which were continuously updated on the screen. Participants also had ...
... Participants were instructed to learn to control and maintain the spaceship within a particular range of velocity and a bounded area on the screen. These two subtasks were reflected by the velocity and control scores respectively, which were continuously updated on the screen. Participants also had ...
The Biology
... d. An axon’s protective coating, made of fat and protein. e. Clusters of fibers at one end of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons. ...
... d. An axon’s protective coating, made of fat and protein. e. Clusters of fibers at one end of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons. ...
2 Brain and Classical Neural Networks
... thinking about them. They are very similar to the unconscious reflex actions, e.g., reaction to pinching, which may not be mediated by the brain, but by the upper part of the spinal column. Various regions of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions. The visual cortex , a region ...
... thinking about them. They are very similar to the unconscious reflex actions, e.g., reaction to pinching, which may not be mediated by the brain, but by the upper part of the spinal column. Various regions of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions. The visual cortex , a region ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... Bayesian learning: a set of learning models in which agents maintain knowledge as probability distributions updated by Bayes’ rule. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning: the process by which environmental stimuli become associated, via learning, with the prediction of outcomes. Cognitive set or set: ...
... Bayesian learning: a set of learning models in which agents maintain knowledge as probability distributions updated by Bayes’ rule. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning: the process by which environmental stimuli become associated, via learning, with the prediction of outcomes. Cognitive set or set: ...
Hypothesized neural dynamics of working memory
... storage (e.g, [20,86,121,122]). A series of satellite symposia at the Annual Society for Neuroscience meetings has been devoted largely to these issues [36]. A possible mechanism of causal linkage, between widespread EEG synchronies and more microscopic activation patterns at the neuronal level, inv ...
... storage (e.g, [20,86,121,122]). A series of satellite symposia at the Annual Society for Neuroscience meetings has been devoted largely to these issues [36]. A possible mechanism of causal linkage, between widespread EEG synchronies and more microscopic activation patterns at the neuronal level, inv ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... exhibit a more protracted neurogenesis, such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus, can be grafted with goodresults from a wider range of donor ages (up to days 20-22of gestation), althoughthe final size, the intrinsic architecture, and the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts t ...
... exhibit a more protracted neurogenesis, such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus, can be grafted with goodresults from a wider range of donor ages (up to days 20-22of gestation), althoughthe final size, the intrinsic architecture, and the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts t ...
Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury
... The brain controls every aspect of our being and a traumatic brain injury has the capability of impacting any aspect of a person’s physical, cognitive, or psychological functioning. In-depth evaluation of these skills is the domain of Neuropsychologists. ...
... The brain controls every aspect of our being and a traumatic brain injury has the capability of impacting any aspect of a person’s physical, cognitive, or psychological functioning. In-depth evaluation of these skills is the domain of Neuropsychologists. ...
The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... Early experiments indicated that the vertical lobe (VL) is not involved in simple motor functions. Stimulating it or the superior frontal lobes in cuttlefish or octopus evoked no obvious effects, whereas stimulating other parts of the brain caused movements of various body parts.15,16 Removing the V ...
... Early experiments indicated that the vertical lobe (VL) is not involved in simple motor functions. Stimulating it or the superior frontal lobes in cuttlefish or octopus evoked no obvious effects, whereas stimulating other parts of the brain caused movements of various body parts.15,16 Removing the V ...
The homeostatic psyche: Freudian theory and
... As seen previously, the dynamism that characterizes the concept of ‘‘milieu intérieur” is quite restrictive. Thus, Steven Rose’s term of homeodynamism may be a better one: ‘‘The thermostat temperature control is set such that if temperature falls below its set point, the heating system comes on and ...
... As seen previously, the dynamism that characterizes the concept of ‘‘milieu intérieur” is quite restrictive. Thus, Steven Rose’s term of homeodynamism may be a better one: ‘‘The thermostat temperature control is set such that if temperature falls below its set point, the heating system comes on and ...
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... 36. Second-grade teacher Ms. Frascella calls upon her star pupil, Jeremy, to recite the capitals of all 50 states. Which type of memory will Jeremy use to recall this information? a. short-term memory c. working memory b. sensory memory d. long-term memory ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: Cont ...
... 36. Second-grade teacher Ms. Frascella calls upon her star pupil, Jeremy, to recite the capitals of all 50 states. Which type of memory will Jeremy use to recall this information? a. short-term memory c. working memory b. sensory memory d. long-term memory ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: Cont ...
the biological perspective
... called axon terminals (may also be called presynaptic terminals, terminal buttons, or synaptic knobs), which are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells. (See Figure 2.1.) Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memor ...
... called axon terminals (may also be called presynaptic terminals, terminal buttons, or synaptic knobs), which are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells. (See Figure 2.1.) Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memor ...
The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three
... 895] wrote: ‘In S. torazame at this stage, rhombomeric boundaries can be seen at the levels of r1/2, r2/3, r3/4, r4/5, and r5/6, but the mid/hindbrain boundary is not detectable’. In teleost fish, the hollow neural tube is derived from an initially solid neural rod that is homologous to the neural t ...
... 895] wrote: ‘In S. torazame at this stage, rhombomeric boundaries can be seen at the levels of r1/2, r2/3, r3/4, r4/5, and r5/6, but the mid/hindbrain boundary is not detectable’. In teleost fish, the hollow neural tube is derived from an initially solid neural rod that is homologous to the neural t ...
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... the 10 digits. There is a silence of a length of about 0.5s between two consecutive utterances. This way, we got an speech data set with totally 3150 isolated utterances. The performance was evaluated as follows. Within a short period before and after the end of an utterance, if there is one incorre ...
... the 10 digits. There is a silence of a length of about 0.5s between two consecutive utterances. This way, we got an speech data set with totally 3150 isolated utterances. The performance was evaluated as follows. Within a short period before and after the end of an utterance, if there is one incorre ...