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... play a critical role in the relationship between sensory experience and receptive-field size. When reinforced sensory inputs are distributed across the receptor surface (Fig. 1, arrows a and b), the different inputs may stimulate competition that results in sharper frequency tuning. In contrast, modul ...
... play a critical role in the relationship between sensory experience and receptive-field size. When reinforced sensory inputs are distributed across the receptor surface (Fig. 1, arrows a and b), the different inputs may stimulate competition that results in sharper frequency tuning. In contrast, modul ...
Aberrant Localization of Synchronous Hemodynamic
... areas can be assessed with fMRI by taking a seed point (voxel) from within the motor cortex and correlating the fMRI time course from this voxel to all the other fMRI time courses within the brain (typically after low-pass filtering to remove highfrequency noise) (Xiong et al 1999). Voxels from ipsi ...
... areas can be assessed with fMRI by taking a seed point (voxel) from within the motor cortex and correlating the fMRI time course from this voxel to all the other fMRI time courses within the brain (typically after low-pass filtering to remove highfrequency noise) (Xiong et al 1999). Voxels from ipsi ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... natural wake-sleep cycle, the noradrenergic neurons discharge during waking, decrease discharge during SWS and cease firing altogether during REMS (37). They are thus specifically involved in cortical activation as well as sensory-motor activity during waking. In fact, their activity appears to prev ...
... natural wake-sleep cycle, the noradrenergic neurons discharge during waking, decrease discharge during SWS and cease firing altogether during REMS (37). They are thus specifically involved in cortical activation as well as sensory-motor activity during waking. In fact, their activity appears to prev ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... quantified as relative variance, which is 1 at p = 0.5 and is 0 at p = 0 and at p = 1. When analyzing ...
... quantified as relative variance, which is 1 at p = 0.5 and is 0 at p = 0 and at p = 1. When analyzing ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... Previous studies investigated the coupled brain–heart dynamics during healthy and pathological emotional responses (see reviews in [46,47]), highlighting connections in the vagally mediated regulation of physiological, affective and cognitive processes. As a general approach, previous studies have t ...
... Previous studies investigated the coupled brain–heart dynamics during healthy and pathological emotional responses (see reviews in [46,47]), highlighting connections in the vagally mediated regulation of physiological, affective and cognitive processes. As a general approach, previous studies have t ...
The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Placebo Effect Article Helen S. Mayberg, M.D.,
... and receptor-mediated second messengers and neurotrophic effects (62–64). Pharmacological studies have emphasized a bottom-up cascade; brainstem, limbic, and subcortical sites are generally viewed as the primary sites of drug action (65, 66), with secondary cortical changes seen as secondary effects ...
... and receptor-mediated second messengers and neurotrophic effects (62–64). Pharmacological studies have emphasized a bottom-up cascade; brainstem, limbic, and subcortical sites are generally viewed as the primary sites of drug action (65, 66), with secondary cortical changes seen as secondary effects ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of these units would even respond to a very small (< 1”) stimulus moving rapidly (>5O”/s) through a small portion of the peripheral visual field. The remain ...
... respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of these units would even respond to a very small (< 1”) stimulus moving rapidly (>5O”/s) through a small portion of the peripheral visual field. The remain ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... examined whether the ITI-signal served as a feedback signal for the male WKY rats; if so, then shortening the duration of the FL to only the first 5 s of the ITI should be sufficient to facilitate avoidance learning. This was not the case. As stated above, the inhibition of fear during certain avoid ...
... examined whether the ITI-signal served as a feedback signal for the male WKY rats; if so, then shortening the duration of the FL to only the first 5 s of the ITI should be sufficient to facilitate avoidance learning. This was not the case. As stated above, the inhibition of fear during certain avoid ...
Antioxidant Enzymes in Brain Cortex of Rats
... testing the normality distribution of the small sample size. Since data were normally distributed, no data transformation was employed and the results are reported as means±SEM. The level of statistical significance was set to 5%. Differences of antioxidant enzymes activity were analyzed by one-way ...
... testing the normality distribution of the small sample size. Since data were normally distributed, no data transformation was employed and the results are reported as means±SEM. The level of statistical significance was set to 5%. Differences of antioxidant enzymes activity were analyzed by one-way ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... in motor control. Cortical fibers terminating within this nucleus use an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate, as their transmitter. Excitatory amino acids are known to interact with iV-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated ...
... in motor control. Cortical fibers terminating within this nucleus use an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate, as their transmitter. Excitatory amino acids are known to interact with iV-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated ...
ptec 155 – developmental disabilities module
... is set up to teach more adaptable behavior. Society usually punishes in response to maladaptive behavior without correcting the faulty learning. In short, behavior modification seeks to ACCENTUATE THE POSITIVE TO ELIMINATE THE NEGATIVE. ...
... is set up to teach more adaptable behavior. Society usually punishes in response to maladaptive behavior without correcting the faulty learning. In short, behavior modification seeks to ACCENTUATE THE POSITIVE TO ELIMINATE THE NEGATIVE. ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histaminergic,32 and dopaminergic systems,33,34 as well as in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key ...
... act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histaminergic,32 and dopaminergic systems,33,34 as well as in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key ...
Classical Conditioning - Soundview Preparatory School
... Higher-Order Conditioning = a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light pred ...
... Higher-Order Conditioning = a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light pred ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... This chapter provides an update of the current knowledge of neuropathological changes that occur in the human brain in Huntington’s disease (HD), and also an outlook to future studies in human HD neuroanatomy. A HD brain may be about 20–30 % less than a control brain in weight although this will be ...
... This chapter provides an update of the current knowledge of neuropathological changes that occur in the human brain in Huntington’s disease (HD), and also an outlook to future studies in human HD neuroanatomy. A HD brain may be about 20–30 % less than a control brain in weight although this will be ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moorman and AstonJones, 2015). The importance of these neural subpopulations for drug-seeking behavior may depend on their proje ...
... however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moorman and AstonJones, 2015). The importance of these neural subpopulations for drug-seeking behavior may depend on their proje ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in the stem. This represents the stage of initial exploration necessary to obtain effective behavior by any rat in a spatial environment. The first problem arises because there is a fundamenta ...
... maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in the stem. This represents the stage of initial exploration necessary to obtain effective behavior by any rat in a spatial environment. The first problem arises because there is a fundamenta ...
Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder Systematic
... localised functional changes include increased activation of the amygdala after symptom provocation (which may reflect its role in emotional memory) and decreased activity of Broca’s area atthe same time (which may explain the difficulty patients have in labelling their experiences). Conclusions Evi ...
... localised functional changes include increased activation of the amygdala after symptom provocation (which may reflect its role in emotional memory) and decreased activity of Broca’s area atthe same time (which may explain the difficulty patients have in labelling their experiences). Conclusions Evi ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... example, in rats > 40 days old. Because puberty in rats occurs between postnatal day (PD) 40 and PD 45 and cortical circuits may mature at that age (Spear, 2000; Zhu, 2000), it is important to determine DA--glutamate interactions in adult animals. This becomes essential when studying persistent acti ...
... example, in rats > 40 days old. Because puberty in rats occurs between postnatal day (PD) 40 and PD 45 and cortical circuits may mature at that age (Spear, 2000; Zhu, 2000), it is important to determine DA--glutamate interactions in adult animals. This becomes essential when studying persistent acti ...
Chapter 6: Learning - Doral Academy Preparatory
... A. Ellie, a new student at Skinner High School, is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psychology club meeting she finds herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to know each other well. She plans to attend a few more meetings before deciding whether she will join ◦ Oper ...
... A. Ellie, a new student at Skinner High School, is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psychology club meeting she finds herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to know each other well. She plans to attend a few more meetings before deciding whether she will join ◦ Oper ...
Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
LOGO - BCE Lab
... screen presents the same problem as an instructional game to increase interest and motivation. In the game, a child is asked to set the proper distance on a ray gun in the hovering space ship to “vaporize” an attacker. The screen on the right depicts an educational simulation. Here, students place a ...
... screen presents the same problem as an instructional game to increase interest and motivation. In the game, a child is asked to set the proper distance on a ray gun in the hovering space ship to “vaporize” an attacker. The screen on the right depicts an educational simulation. Here, students place a ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... Subsequent exposure to social isolation in adulthood resulted in the almost-complete elimination of 5-HT1A currents in layer II/III neurons suggesting an interaction between early life events and adult experiences. These data represent the first examination of functional 5-HT1A receptors in layer II ...
... Subsequent exposure to social isolation in adulthood resulted in the almost-complete elimination of 5-HT1A currents in layer II/III neurons suggesting an interaction between early life events and adult experiences. These data represent the first examination of functional 5-HT1A receptors in layer II ...