(1) Manipulate the barrier
... • Diffusion coefficient of drug A is 10-6 and the diffusion coefficient of drug B is 10-4 if all the other parameters are constant, which drug is likely to have better flux across skin. • If the surface area of patch A is 2 cm2 and that of patch B is 4 cm2, which of these two patches is likely to ha ...
... • Diffusion coefficient of drug A is 10-6 and the diffusion coefficient of drug B is 10-4 if all the other parameters are constant, which drug is likely to have better flux across skin. • If the surface area of patch A is 2 cm2 and that of patch B is 4 cm2, which of these two patches is likely to ha ...
DRUG RECEPTOR AND PHARMCODYNAMICS
... inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase is lower in heart muscle than in other tissues. Selectivity to different species For example, sulfonamides inhibit the formation of dihydrofolate synthase of susceptible microorganisms. However, manmalian cells is not affected because of the ability to directly utilize folic ac ...
... inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase is lower in heart muscle than in other tissues. Selectivity to different species For example, sulfonamides inhibit the formation of dihydrofolate synthase of susceptible microorganisms. However, manmalian cells is not affected because of the ability to directly utilize folic ac ...
Important side effects to be considered when choosing antipsychotic
... A 21-year-old male has recently begun pimozide therapy for Tourette's disorder. He is brought to the emergency department by his parents. They describe that he has been having “different-appearing tics―than before, such as prolonged contraction of the facial muscles. While being examined, he ...
... A 21-year-old male has recently begun pimozide therapy for Tourette's disorder. He is brought to the emergency department by his parents. They describe that he has been having “different-appearing tics―than before, such as prolonged contraction of the facial muscles. While being examined, he ...
Lecture 4 ppt
... The kinetics of a drug may differ from therapeutic dose to its toxic dose Toxicokinetics is important in predicting the plasma concentration of a drug ...
... The kinetics of a drug may differ from therapeutic dose to its toxic dose Toxicokinetics is important in predicting the plasma concentration of a drug ...
Effects of different drugs of different - Sun Yat
... receptor antagonist and the proton pump inhibitor. Being the H2 receptor antagonist,Cimetidine can compete the H2receptors with histamine.Thereby,it can block the histamine’s function of promoting the secretion of gastric acid. Being the proton pump inhibitor, Omeprazole can block the last step of s ...
... receptor antagonist and the proton pump inhibitor. Being the H2 receptor antagonist,Cimetidine can compete the H2receptors with histamine.Thereby,it can block the histamine’s function of promoting the secretion of gastric acid. Being the proton pump inhibitor, Omeprazole can block the last step of s ...
Dr. Schaaf - National Academies
... § Be aware of different drug groups and cross-resistance § 2nd-line drugs are generally more toxic than 1st-line drugs § Adverse events more difficult to assess in children ...
... § Be aware of different drug groups and cross-resistance § 2nd-line drugs are generally more toxic than 1st-line drugs § Adverse events more difficult to assess in children ...
Hence small distributors must pay the ACTUAL price
... From my viewpoint as an industry veteran… “I believe that it is rather disingenuous for Premier Purchasing Partners, the other large national GPO’s and their partner manufacturers, in general, to point their fingers at the small drug distributors, who must pay a significantly higher price for their ...
... From my viewpoint as an industry veteran… “I believe that it is rather disingenuous for Premier Purchasing Partners, the other large national GPO’s and their partner manufacturers, in general, to point their fingers at the small drug distributors, who must pay a significantly higher price for their ...
Anesthetics and adjuvants
... • Many people would like to believe that regional is “safer” or “better” than GA, but there is no evidence for this in terms of mortality and major morbidity (except in OB?). • So: Tailor anesthesia to individual needs, preferences and clinical situation, and do what you do best! ...
... • Many people would like to believe that regional is “safer” or “better” than GA, but there is no evidence for this in terms of mortality and major morbidity (except in OB?). • So: Tailor anesthesia to individual needs, preferences and clinical situation, and do what you do best! ...
NUR292 NCLEX REVIEW
... recognize common side effects, then relate appropriate nursing interventions to each side effects • Example – if side effect is hypertension then monitor BP. If side effect is ...
... recognize common side effects, then relate appropriate nursing interventions to each side effects • Example – if side effect is hypertension then monitor BP. If side effect is ...
The Development of Deuterium-Containing Drugs
... Minor physical changes can be detected in the properties of partially or fully deuterated compounds versus their all-hydrogen analogues including reduced hydrophobicity and altered pKa when adjacent to ionisable groups. These differences are small enough that we are not aware of any case in which de ...
... Minor physical changes can be detected in the properties of partially or fully deuterated compounds versus their all-hydrogen analogues including reduced hydrophobicity and altered pKa when adjacent to ionisable groups. These differences are small enough that we are not aware of any case in which de ...
The Development of Deuterium-Containing Drugs
... Minor physical changes can be detected in the properties of partially or fully deuterated compounds versus their all-hydrogen analogues including reduced hydrophobicity and altered pKa when adjacent to ionisable groups. These differences are small enough that we are not aware of any case in which de ...
... Minor physical changes can be detected in the properties of partially or fully deuterated compounds versus their all-hydrogen analogues including reduced hydrophobicity and altered pKa when adjacent to ionisable groups. These differences are small enough that we are not aware of any case in which de ...
New Twists and Turns in Designer Drug Abuse
... The market for premium psilocybin spores does brisk business. A devoted following of aficionados are always on the hunt for better and more potent psychedelic mushrooms. But what is really going on in the brains of "shroom" users? How does psilocybin exert its effects? A ...
... The market for premium psilocybin spores does brisk business. A devoted following of aficionados are always on the hunt for better and more potent psychedelic mushrooms. But what is really going on in the brains of "shroom" users? How does psilocybin exert its effects? A ...
... • Employees who abuse drugs suffer from income reductions of up to 18.7% • Absenteeism among drug users is 16 times greater than non users • Employees that use drugs take 3 times as many sick benefits as other workers. • 43% of CEOs surveyed estimated that drug and alcohol use cost them up to 10% of ...
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
... or more seizures occurred in short interval (6m -1 y) • An initial therapeutic aim is to use only one drug (monotherapy) ...
... or more seizures occurred in short interval (6m -1 y) • An initial therapeutic aim is to use only one drug (monotherapy) ...
drug design and thalidomide - School of Medical Sciences
... The birth of modern Science and Pharmacology. • The 16th and 17th centuries were notable for the simultaneous development of physiology, chemistry and physics. • Physiologists documented the way in which the body functioned and chemists began to develop the technologies which permitted extractions, ...
... The birth of modern Science and Pharmacology. • The 16th and 17th centuries were notable for the simultaneous development of physiology, chemistry and physics. • Physiologists documented the way in which the body functioned and chemists began to develop the technologies which permitted extractions, ...
PHARMACOLOGY – Simplified, not Mystified
... • CYP3A4—40-60% of total hepatic and extrahepatic enzymes; the extrahepatic enzymes are located primarily along the brush border of the small intestine • Drugs/foods can be either inducers or inhibitors of the enzyme system • The most famous inhibitor of this enzyme in the small intestines is grapef ...
... • CYP3A4—40-60% of total hepatic and extrahepatic enzymes; the extrahepatic enzymes are located primarily along the brush border of the small intestine • Drugs/foods can be either inducers or inhibitors of the enzyme system • The most famous inhibitor of this enzyme in the small intestines is grapef ...
Background PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING Protocol
... Figure 1 Graph showing the percentage of plasma protein binding using 100% plasma, and their comparison to literature values (1) Obach, 1999, DMD 27:1350 and (2) RxList. ...
... Figure 1 Graph showing the percentage of plasma protein binding using 100% plasma, and their comparison to literature values (1) Obach, 1999, DMD 27:1350 and (2) RxList. ...
,
... analgesic is also known as painkiller, and is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia- relief from pain [1, 2, 3 and 4]. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation, and ...
... analgesic is also known as painkiller, and is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia- relief from pain [1, 2, 3 and 4]. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation, and ...
Roach: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology
... of administration; solubility of drug • First-pass effect: Drug absorbed by small intestine; liver first metabolizes drug; remaining drug not sufficient to produce therapeutic effect – Patient needs higher dosage for desired effect ...
... of administration; solubility of drug • First-pass effect: Drug absorbed by small intestine; liver first metabolizes drug; remaining drug not sufficient to produce therapeutic effect – Patient needs higher dosage for desired effect ...
Medication Errors
... Coumadin. Although they do not look similar when typed or printed, the names have been confused with each other when poorly written in cursive. The first ‘A’ in Avandia, if not fully formed, can look like a ‘C,’ and the final ‘a’ has appeared to be an ‘n.’ ...
... Coumadin. Although they do not look similar when typed or printed, the names have been confused with each other when poorly written in cursive. The first ‘A’ in Avandia, if not fully formed, can look like a ‘C,’ and the final ‘a’ has appeared to be an ‘n.’ ...
Syllabus - Angelina College
... Describe the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination Explain differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of drugs in pediatric, geriatric, pregnant, and breast-feeding patients. 6. Discuss factors that may alter a patient’s response to a dru ...
... Describe the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination Explain differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of drugs in pediatric, geriatric, pregnant, and breast-feeding patients. 6. Discuss factors that may alter a patient’s response to a dru ...
PowerPoint_Chapter2
... and various substances (keys) fit exactly into them Keys are produced or processed within the body © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. ...
... and various substances (keys) fit exactly into them Keys are produced or processed within the body © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. ...
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
... • Mainly on liver due to its active metabolite ( N-acetyl-pbenzoquinone). • At therapeutic doses increases hepatic enzymes. • At high doses causes hepatic necrosis & renal necrosis. • Treatment of paracetamol toxicity with N-acetylcystine (SH donor ) as life saving ...
... • Mainly on liver due to its active metabolite ( N-acetyl-pbenzoquinone). • At therapeutic doses increases hepatic enzymes. • At high doses causes hepatic necrosis & renal necrosis. • Treatment of paracetamol toxicity with N-acetylcystine (SH donor ) as life saving ...
Within Grey Area: Patents, Pharmaceuticals, and Genomics
... genomes, the possibilities seem to be endless. In the human genome there appear to be more than 1.4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and more than 60,000 of these code for genes.6 Slowly all of these areas are being tested or have been tested to see if they have a response to medications and ...
... genomes, the possibilities seem to be endless. In the human genome there appear to be more than 1.4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and more than 60,000 of these code for genes.6 Slowly all of these areas are being tested or have been tested to see if they have a response to medications and ...
Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the drug's effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage. Notwithstanding the above, on occasion these interactions may be sought in order to obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Examples of this include the use of codeine with paracetamol to increase its analgesic effect. Or the combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in order to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. It should also be remembered that there are interactions that, from a theoretical standpoint, may occur but in clinical practice have no important repercussions.The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs administered to a patient at the same time.It is possible that an interaction will occur between a drug and another substance present in the organism (i.e. foods or alcohol). Or in certain specific situations a drug may even react with itself, such as occurs with dehydration. In other situations, the interaction does not involve any effect on the drug. In certain cases, the presence of a drug in an individual's blood may affect certain types of laboratory analysis (analytical interference).It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a saline solution prior to intravenous injection. Some classic examples of this type of interaction include that Thiopentone and Suxamethonium should not be placed in the same syringe and same is true for Benzylpenicillin and Heparin. These situations will all be discussed under the same heading due to their conceptual similarity.Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.