Tolerance and Idiosyncrasy
... Tolerance The loss of a drug’s effect, when it is given continuously or repeatedly On a short time-scale, such as a few minutes, this situation is called desensitization or tachyphylaxis and on a longer time-scale, such as days or weeks, the term tolerance is preferred. ...
... Tolerance The loss of a drug’s effect, when it is given continuously or repeatedly On a short time-scale, such as a few minutes, this situation is called desensitization or tachyphylaxis and on a longer time-scale, such as days or weeks, the term tolerance is preferred. ...
Pharmacology PowerPoint
... After 1 week without symptoms he was cleared to resume playing. • He received another mild concussion in the first half of tonight’s game. He was withheld from competition for the remainder of the game. • At the conclusion of the game his only complaint is a headache. What, if any, medication do you ...
... After 1 week without symptoms he was cleared to resume playing. • He received another mild concussion in the first half of tonight’s game. He was withheld from competition for the remainder of the game. • At the conclusion of the game his only complaint is a headache. What, if any, medication do you ...
response to member and stakeholder feedback
... practice. Therefore, the proposed safeguards, with respect to oral CAIs, are not relaxed from the existing Designated Drugs Regulation. The use of oral steroids in optometric practice is rare. The circulated proposal presented the same safeguards for oral steroids as for oral CAIs. The submission re ...
... practice. Therefore, the proposed safeguards, with respect to oral CAIs, are not relaxed from the existing Designated Drugs Regulation. The use of oral steroids in optometric practice is rare. The circulated proposal presented the same safeguards for oral steroids as for oral CAIs. The submission re ...
No Slide Title
... ◦ reduced negative symptoms ◦ reduced tardive dyskinesias ◦ risky side effects – agranulocytosis (potentially lethal drop in white blood cells ~ 1% of people on ...
... ◦ reduced negative symptoms ◦ reduced tardive dyskinesias ◦ risky side effects – agranulocytosis (potentially lethal drop in white blood cells ~ 1% of people on ...
Synthetic Drugs of Abuse
... opioid receptors, with mitragynine having an effect at alpha-adrenergic receptors in lower doses. • The drug has limited effect on respiratory drive, making it relatively safe in pure form. • Kratom is often used in Southeast Asia to mediate the severity of heroin withdrawal. ...
... opioid receptors, with mitragynine having an effect at alpha-adrenergic receptors in lower doses. • The drug has limited effect on respiratory drive, making it relatively safe in pure form. • Kratom is often used in Southeast Asia to mediate the severity of heroin withdrawal. ...
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS & LITHIUM
... Maybe irreversible Tend to develop after years of therapy May appear as early as 6 months ...
... Maybe irreversible Tend to develop after years of therapy May appear as early as 6 months ...
L4-anaphylactic shoc..
... Salbutamolb2-AD agonist short acting, rapid relief onset relax bronchial smooth muscle and may decrease mediator release from mast cells and basophils. It may also inhibit airway microvascular leakage. IpratropiumAnticholinergic longer duration of action secretion Less rapid in action Parent ...
... Salbutamolb2-AD agonist short acting, rapid relief onset relax bronchial smooth muscle and may decrease mediator release from mast cells and basophils. It may also inhibit airway microvascular leakage. IpratropiumAnticholinergic longer duration of action secretion Less rapid in action Parent ...
full text pdf
... anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Metamizole is a pro-drug, which spontaneously breaks down after oral administration to structurally related pyrazolone compounds. Apart from its analgesic effect, the medication is an antipyretic and spasmolytic agent. The mechanism responsible for the analgesic effec ...
... anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Metamizole is a pro-drug, which spontaneously breaks down after oral administration to structurally related pyrazolone compounds. Apart from its analgesic effect, the medication is an antipyretic and spasmolytic agent. The mechanism responsible for the analgesic effec ...
the Contraceptive Use Policy - Duke IRB
... women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, the labeling shall state: "Pregnancy Category C. (Name of drug) has been shown to be teratogenic (or to have an embryocidal effect or other adverse effect) in (name(s) of species) when given in doses (x) times the human dose. There are no adequate ...
... women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, the labeling shall state: "Pregnancy Category C. (Name of drug) has been shown to be teratogenic (or to have an embryocidal effect or other adverse effect) in (name(s) of species) when given in doses (x) times the human dose. There are no adequate ...
File
... 2.Obsessive compulsive disorders 3.Fluoxetine is effective in treating bulimia nervosa. Unwanted effects: In combination with MAOIs ,SSRIs can result in “serotonin syndrome” ...
... 2.Obsessive compulsive disorders 3.Fluoxetine is effective in treating bulimia nervosa. Unwanted effects: In combination with MAOIs ,SSRIs can result in “serotonin syndrome” ...
PAIN TREATMENT How drugs work on pain
... Cardiovascular disease (CVD), principally heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death for both males and females in developed countries. Aspirin is the most widely used and tested antiplatelet drug in CVD, and it is proven to be the cornerstone of antiplatelet therapy in treatment and pr ...
... Cardiovascular disease (CVD), principally heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death for both males and females in developed countries. Aspirin is the most widely used and tested antiplatelet drug in CVD, and it is proven to be the cornerstone of antiplatelet therapy in treatment and pr ...
“Legal highs” in Romania: historical and present facts
... organisations, the civil society, the NGOs and particularly the scientific experts in Romania had all a very slow and laggard response, which has lead to the current situation when drug addiction is finally recognized as a very serious issue. Particular features of the Romanian phenomenon – surprisi ...
... organisations, the civil society, the NGOs and particularly the scientific experts in Romania had all a very slow and laggard response, which has lead to the current situation when drug addiction is finally recognized as a very serious issue. Particular features of the Romanian phenomenon – surprisi ...
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in
... in treating the pain associated with biliary spasm or renal colic due to its putative antispasmodic effects. In fact, pethidine is no more effective than morphine at treating biliary or renal pain, and its low potency, short duration of action, and unique toxicity (i.e. seizures, delirium, other neu ...
... in treating the pain associated with biliary spasm or renal colic due to its putative antispasmodic effects. In fact, pethidine is no more effective than morphine at treating biliary or renal pain, and its low potency, short duration of action, and unique toxicity (i.e. seizures, delirium, other neu ...
Promises or Poisons: Herbal Medicines
... – nausea, diarrhea – anxiety, hypomania in patients bipolar disease ...
... – nausea, diarrhea – anxiety, hypomania in patients bipolar disease ...
Cell to cell communication, homeostasis and control pathways
... stomach acid while drug B decreases stomach acid. Therefore, which of the following could be true: _ Drug A and B act through different receptors and signal pathways. _ Drugs A and B are agonists for the same receptor. _ Drugs A and B will compete for the same receptor. _ The receptor from drug A is ...
... stomach acid while drug B decreases stomach acid. Therefore, which of the following could be true: _ Drug A and B act through different receptors and signal pathways. _ Drugs A and B are agonists for the same receptor. _ Drugs A and B will compete for the same receptor. _ The receptor from drug A is ...
L11- ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
... Pro-drugs, they have to be activated in the liver. bound to plasma proteins ...
... Pro-drugs, they have to be activated in the liver. bound to plasma proteins ...
What’s new in clinical Trials
... • Most drugs and devices (even if the idea comes from research labs or the National Institutes of Health (NIH) will be tested by companies that eventually will sell the product • The cost of developing a new drug is $800 million to 2 Billion and takes 12-15 years • Companies need to partner with cli ...
... • Most drugs and devices (even if the idea comes from research labs or the National Institutes of Health (NIH) will be tested by companies that eventually will sell the product • The cost of developing a new drug is $800 million to 2 Billion and takes 12-15 years • Companies need to partner with cli ...
Pfenninger: Erectile dysfunction common
... with simvastatin or placebo. Before starting treatment, 26 percent of both groups presented with mild ED, while 75 percent had moderate to severe ED. After six months of treatment, all patients from the simvastatin group improved to only mild ED. Statins have many effects. It is postulated from this ...
... with simvastatin or placebo. Before starting treatment, 26 percent of both groups presented with mild ED, while 75 percent had moderate to severe ED. After six months of treatment, all patients from the simvastatin group improved to only mild ED. Statins have many effects. It is postulated from this ...
CNS Depressants and Antidepressants
... Sedating muscle relaxant, in a group that also includes cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), metaxolone (Skelaxin), methocarbamol (Robaxin) These act as sedatives in the brain stem Carisprodol is converted to meprobamate (Milltown), which acts like a barbiturate Now a very popular drug of abuse ...
... Sedating muscle relaxant, in a group that also includes cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), metaxolone (Skelaxin), methocarbamol (Robaxin) These act as sedatives in the brain stem Carisprodol is converted to meprobamate (Milltown), which acts like a barbiturate Now a very popular drug of abuse ...
THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN DRUG ABSORPTION THROUGH THE GIT
... the other hand, if PPL were too hydrophobic, not enough material would be present in the aqueous phase to form membranes. A drug molecule may pass through the layer of enterocytes in many different ways, but passive diffusion is the most important one. Besides passive diffusion, other mechanisms to ...
... the other hand, if PPL were too hydrophobic, not enough material would be present in the aqueous phase to form membranes. A drug molecule may pass through the layer of enterocytes in many different ways, but passive diffusion is the most important one. Besides passive diffusion, other mechanisms to ...
Pharmacology药理学
... Combination products such as maalox (3) Hypercalcium which can cause renal failure (Calcium) (4) Hypernatremia (sodium-containing antacids) All antacids are generally regarded as safe in pregnancy. 4. Drug interactions Avoid concurrent administration of antacids and a variety of drugs . (1) Affect r ...
... Combination products such as maalox (3) Hypercalcium which can cause renal failure (Calcium) (4) Hypernatremia (sodium-containing antacids) All antacids are generally regarded as safe in pregnancy. 4. Drug interactions Avoid concurrent administration of antacids and a variety of drugs . (1) Affect r ...
The ideal sedative agent
... Water soluble at pH ,4.0 Lipid soluble at physiological pH (can pass across the blood brain barrier) No thrombophlebitis or pain on injection Onset in one arm brain circulation but full clinical effect takes several minutes ...
... Water soluble at pH ,4.0 Lipid soluble at physiological pH (can pass across the blood brain barrier) No thrombophlebitis or pain on injection Onset in one arm brain circulation but full clinical effect takes several minutes ...
Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the drug's effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage. Notwithstanding the above, on occasion these interactions may be sought in order to obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Examples of this include the use of codeine with paracetamol to increase its analgesic effect. Or the combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in order to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. It should also be remembered that there are interactions that, from a theoretical standpoint, may occur but in clinical practice have no important repercussions.The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs administered to a patient at the same time.It is possible that an interaction will occur between a drug and another substance present in the organism (i.e. foods or alcohol). Or in certain specific situations a drug may even react with itself, such as occurs with dehydration. In other situations, the interaction does not involve any effect on the drug. In certain cases, the presence of a drug in an individual's blood may affect certain types of laboratory analysis (analytical interference).It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a saline solution prior to intravenous injection. Some classic examples of this type of interaction include that Thiopentone and Suxamethonium should not be placed in the same syringe and same is true for Benzylpenicillin and Heparin. These situations will all be discussed under the same heading due to their conceptual similarity.Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.