Brief Receptor Theory
... agonist causes a maximal effect equal to that of the endogenous ligand (or sometimes another reference compound if the endogenous ligand is not known); a partial agonist causes less than a maximal response. – Intrinsic efficacy (outmoded): the property of how a ligand causes biological responses via ...
... agonist causes a maximal effect equal to that of the endogenous ligand (or sometimes another reference compound if the endogenous ligand is not known); a partial agonist causes less than a maximal response. – Intrinsic efficacy (outmoded): the property of how a ligand causes biological responses via ...
Acetylsalicylic acid
... Plasma protein binding: 50-90% (ASA). Plasma salicylate is < 80% protein bound, especially to albumin [5]. The elimination half-life of plasma salicylate is dose-depending and increases with higher doses. The reported half-lives in adults ranged between 2.4 and 19 h, at the doses of 0.25 g and 10-20 ...
... Plasma protein binding: 50-90% (ASA). Plasma salicylate is < 80% protein bound, especially to albumin [5]. The elimination half-life of plasma salicylate is dose-depending and increases with higher doses. The reported half-lives in adults ranged between 2.4 and 19 h, at the doses of 0.25 g and 10-20 ...
Use of antibacterial agents in renal failure
... Changes in renal function → effects on the pharmacology of antibacterial agents ...
... Changes in renal function → effects on the pharmacology of antibacterial agents ...
From, Dr. GEETHA SAWKAR, 1st MD Dept of Rasashastra, B.L.D.E.
... Brief resume of the intended work: 6.1 Need for the study of Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction .It is the biological process by which new “offspring” individual organisms are produced from their parents1 A childless ...
... Brief resume of the intended work: 6.1 Need for the study of Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction .It is the biological process by which new “offspring” individual organisms are produced from their parents1 A childless ...
Transdermal delivery of macromolecules y using Macroflux
... Sustained or rapid onset Possible diminished side effects due to reduced metabolites Convenient and flexible dosing without pain Dry formulations possible improving shelf-life and storage Trend is towards faster onset and additional drug candidates ...
... Sustained or rapid onset Possible diminished side effects due to reduced metabolites Convenient and flexible dosing without pain Dry formulations possible improving shelf-life and storage Trend is towards faster onset and additional drug candidates ...
Smoking Cessation and Chronic Mental Illness
... Cold turkey quit rates at 1 year are 5% Physician-assisted quit rates (short-term ...
... Cold turkey quit rates at 1 year are 5% Physician-assisted quit rates (short-term ...
Potent painkillers from cobra venom
... according to Ms. Irene Toh, a physiotherapist at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Pilates can be effective for a variety of chronic pain conditions such as chronic lower back pain, whiplash injuries, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and arthritis. Patients with chronic pain are unique be ...
... according to Ms. Irene Toh, a physiotherapist at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Pilates can be effective for a variety of chronic pain conditions such as chronic lower back pain, whiplash injuries, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and arthritis. Patients with chronic pain are unique be ...
A. Treating acute gout
... acid by competitively inhibiting the last two steps in uric acid biosynthesis that are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase [Note: Uric acid is less water soluble than its precursors. When xanthine oxidase is inhibited, the circulating purine derivatives (xanthine and hypoxanthine) are more soluble and, th ...
... acid by competitively inhibiting the last two steps in uric acid biosynthesis that are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase [Note: Uric acid is less water soluble than its precursors. When xanthine oxidase is inhibited, the circulating purine derivatives (xanthine and hypoxanthine) are more soluble and, th ...
Medication interactions with smoking and smoking
... The table on the following pages summarises possible interactions between common medications and smoking or smoking cessation as described in guidance developed by the former Hunter New England Area Health Service, Mersey Care NHS Trust, UK and Regents University, California. ...
... The table on the following pages summarises possible interactions between common medications and smoking or smoking cessation as described in guidance developed by the former Hunter New England Area Health Service, Mersey Care NHS Trust, UK and Regents University, California. ...
Positive Inotropic Drugs
... Digoxin improves the pumping ability of the heart Increases the force of myocardial contraction by inhibiting the Na, K-adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme in cardiac cell membrane that decreases the movement of sodium out of myocardial cell after contraction. Calcium enters the cell in exchange for ...
... Digoxin improves the pumping ability of the heart Increases the force of myocardial contraction by inhibiting the Na, K-adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme in cardiac cell membrane that decreases the movement of sodium out of myocardial cell after contraction. Calcium enters the cell in exchange for ...
Drug Induced Hyponatraemia - Christchurch Drug Information Service
... sodium concentrations. However, there are also several medical causes of hyponatraemia and it is important to note that in some patients, multiple factors may contribute to a low serum sodium concentration. Hyponatraemia is defined as a serum sodium concentration <136mmol/L, although symptoms rarely ...
... sodium concentrations. However, there are also several medical causes of hyponatraemia and it is important to note that in some patients, multiple factors may contribute to a low serum sodium concentration. Hyponatraemia is defined as a serum sodium concentration <136mmol/L, although symptoms rarely ...
BOTOX IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL
... injections may be given if the muscles become tight again. Botulism toxin is a substance produced by certain kinds of bacteria. Food containing botulism toxin can cause food poisoning (botulism). Botulism toxin used to treat people is made in a special way so that only very tiny amounts are containe ...
... injections may be given if the muscles become tight again. Botulism toxin is a substance produced by certain kinds of bacteria. Food containing botulism toxin can cause food poisoning (botulism). Botulism toxin used to treat people is made in a special way so that only very tiny amounts are containe ...
Some drugs can cause taste disturbances
... Some drugs can cause taste disturbances ...leading to loss of appetite and noncompliance. Some of the most common culprits are surprising. Lunesta causes a metallic aftertaste in up to one-third of patients...especially at higher doses. If patients complain, lower the dose or switch to another sleep ...
... Some drugs can cause taste disturbances ...leading to loss of appetite and noncompliance. Some of the most common culprits are surprising. Lunesta causes a metallic aftertaste in up to one-third of patients...especially at higher doses. If patients complain, lower the dose or switch to another sleep ...
Drug Fact Sheet - Elliott
... collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulites, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin's depressing effects on respiration. In addition to the ...
... collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulites, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin's depressing effects on respiration. In addition to the ...
DEA Compliance and Drug Diversion 2014 NPPA Conference
... §482.25(a)(3) - Current and accurate records must be kept of the receipt and disposition of all scheduled drugs Records of all scheduled drugs must be maintained and any discrepancies in count reconciled promptly Must be capable of quickly identifying loss or diversion of controlled substances and d ...
... §482.25(a)(3) - Current and accurate records must be kept of the receipt and disposition of all scheduled drugs Records of all scheduled drugs must be maintained and any discrepancies in count reconciled promptly Must be capable of quickly identifying loss or diversion of controlled substances and d ...
drug treatment of gastric diseases of dogs and cats
... with ethylcellulose, a semipermeable membrane. The drug is slowly released, contingent on the rate of water absorption and the pH dependent solubility of the encapsulated mesalamine . These newer agents are less toxic than sulfasalazine as approximately 80-90% of human beings with sulfasalazine into ...
... with ethylcellulose, a semipermeable membrane. The drug is slowly released, contingent on the rate of water absorption and the pH dependent solubility of the encapsulated mesalamine . These newer agents are less toxic than sulfasalazine as approximately 80-90% of human beings with sulfasalazine into ...
Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system for dental students
... Cholinergic antagonists are only muscarinic receptor blockers. Nicotinic receptor blockers are ganglionic blocking drugs or neuromuscular blockers (skeletal muscle relaxants) depending on the location of the nicotinic type acetylcholine receptors. The prototype of muscarinic antagonists is atropine. ...
... Cholinergic antagonists are only muscarinic receptor blockers. Nicotinic receptor blockers are ganglionic blocking drugs or neuromuscular blockers (skeletal muscle relaxants) depending on the location of the nicotinic type acetylcholine receptors. The prototype of muscarinic antagonists is atropine. ...
I can’t sleep, my pee smells funny, my bones hurt AND I’m
... What to do when it comes to statins & older adults?? This is an area of some controversy…. RCT studies only include up to age 82 Risk vs benefit of lowering cholesterol in the very old is not well established. Is lower always better? Risk of myopathy with: age & renal function If trea ...
... What to do when it comes to statins & older adults?? This is an area of some controversy…. RCT studies only include up to age 82 Risk vs benefit of lowering cholesterol in the very old is not well established. Is lower always better? Risk of myopathy with: age & renal function If trea ...
Local Anesthetics
... (AP) by preventing voltage-gated Na+ channels. Activity is PH-dependent, increased at alkaline PH. Its penetration to Na+ channels is very poor at acid PH. Inflamed tissues (acidic): resistance to LA. ...
... (AP) by preventing voltage-gated Na+ channels. Activity is PH-dependent, increased at alkaline PH. Its penetration to Na+ channels is very poor at acid PH. Inflamed tissues (acidic): resistance to LA. ...
Narcotic analgesics
... mediates other effects like respiratory depression , emesis …etc. The delta receptors have the greatest binding affinity for enkephalins. They mediate cardiovascular depressant , respiratory depressant and behavioural effects. The enteric neurons contain both µ and delta receptors and if either of t ...
... mediates other effects like respiratory depression , emesis …etc. The delta receptors have the greatest binding affinity for enkephalins. They mediate cardiovascular depressant , respiratory depressant and behavioural effects. The enteric neurons contain both µ and delta receptors and if either of t ...
When Patients Cannot Take Pills: Antiretroviral Drug - IAS-USA
... careful and frequent monitoring to prevent drug interactions and avoid unwanted adverse events and antiretroviral drug resistance. Although outcomes have improved, successful outcomes may be precluded by the emergence of drug resistance.16 Adherence rates of less than 95% can lead to antiretroviral ...
... careful and frequent monitoring to prevent drug interactions and avoid unwanted adverse events and antiretroviral drug resistance. Although outcomes have improved, successful outcomes may be precluded by the emergence of drug resistance.16 Adherence rates of less than 95% can lead to antiretroviral ...
Beyond BP. New ways to detect release of dopamine with PET.
... transmission in the BNST. This effect may be related to an action at the level of neuronal circuits activated by natural reinforcers … suggest[ing] that DA transmission of the BNST plays a role in the mechanism of drug abuse and addiction.” Carboni et al, J Neurosci 20:RC102(1-5), 2000 ...
... transmission in the BNST. This effect may be related to an action at the level of neuronal circuits activated by natural reinforcers … suggest[ing] that DA transmission of the BNST plays a role in the mechanism of drug abuse and addiction.” Carboni et al, J Neurosci 20:RC102(1-5), 2000 ...
Rivotril
... Rivotril can be administered concurrently with one or more antiepileptic agents. But adding an extra drug to the patient’s regimen should involve a careful evaluation of the response to the treatment, because unwanted effects, such as sedation and apathy are more likely to occur. In such cases, the ...
... Rivotril can be administered concurrently with one or more antiepileptic agents. But adding an extra drug to the patient’s regimen should involve a careful evaluation of the response to the treatment, because unwanted effects, such as sedation and apathy are more likely to occur. In such cases, the ...
Microsoft Word format
... surrogate endpoint can be a laboratory finding or a physical sign that is not in itself a direct measurement of how a patient functions or survives but is likely to predict the drug’s therapeutic benefit. For example, tumor shrinkage could be the surrogate for increased survival. As a condition of a ...
... surrogate endpoint can be a laboratory finding or a physical sign that is not in itself a direct measurement of how a patient functions or survives but is likely to predict the drug’s therapeutic benefit. For example, tumor shrinkage could be the surrogate for increased survival. As a condition of a ...
Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the drug's effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage. Notwithstanding the above, on occasion these interactions may be sought in order to obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Examples of this include the use of codeine with paracetamol to increase its analgesic effect. Or the combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in order to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. It should also be remembered that there are interactions that, from a theoretical standpoint, may occur but in clinical practice have no important repercussions.The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs administered to a patient at the same time.It is possible that an interaction will occur between a drug and another substance present in the organism (i.e. foods or alcohol). Or in certain specific situations a drug may even react with itself, such as occurs with dehydration. In other situations, the interaction does not involve any effect on the drug. In certain cases, the presence of a drug in an individual's blood may affect certain types of laboratory analysis (analytical interference).It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a saline solution prior to intravenous injection. Some classic examples of this type of interaction include that Thiopentone and Suxamethonium should not be placed in the same syringe and same is true for Benzylpenicillin and Heparin. These situations will all be discussed under the same heading due to their conceptual similarity.Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.