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Common Themes and Variations in Animal Orientation Systems1
Common Themes and Variations in Animal Orientation Systems1

making measurements of susceptibility, remanence and Q in the field
making measurements of susceptibility, remanence and Q in the field

Current Systems in Planetary Magnetospheres and Ionospheres
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Virtual model of tokamak GOLEM with a real physical core

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... •The life span of a cloned phone used to be 40 days before it was detected. Now it is less than three days because of technology advancements. •This is another example of how electromagnetic signals are used by telecrooks and cybercriminals. ...
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... Shubnikov-de-Haas oscillations In Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations at small and intermediate magnetic fields, i.e. for ωcτ < 1, quantum Hall effect is weak, but ρxx(B) oscillates and does not vanish. The magnetic field induces weak modulation of the density of states. As a consequence, at the F ...
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... which was located in the Earth’s magnetosheath on 1980 May 28. In contrast to Helios-1 observations, IMP-8 detected only a single extended particle intensity enhancement; i.e. IMP-8 did not resolve four individual events. Wibberenz & Cane (2006) suggested that the source of the events seen by Helios ...
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Ferrofluid



A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic and fluid) is a liquid that becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.Ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell as a liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a pump inlet in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field.Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as ""superparamagnets"" rather than ferromagnets.The difference between ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.
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