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understanding electromagnetism: a new approach
understanding electromagnetism: a new approach

... There are similarly several questions, to which the above concept of creation of magnetic fields due to the spin and orbital motions of the charge of electron give rise. These questions raise serious question mark over the truth of the above concept. The electron cannot have m s and a magnetic field ...
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... 100. But when devices such as batteries supply electrical current, they provide direct current derived from chemical energy. 101. In direct current, the current flows in one direction through a wire. 102. Graphic Transition- Transformers 103. Perhaps you have noticed objects like these on a telephon ...
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Interference between electric and magnetic concepts in introductory physics Scaife *
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... electricity, 55% of students answer the electric force question correctly and 50% incorrectly answer the magnetic force questions with a force in the direction of the field—as though they were electric force questions. Immediately following instruction in magnetism, 70% of students answer the mag ...
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... Interaction of Open Flux with Small Coronal Loops  The two forms of diffusion along the so lar surface – rando m convection and reconnection at the base of coronal loops – result in a su rface diffusion equation [Fisk, ApJ, 2005]: h 2 Bo  Bo  Bl  2t ...
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... OUR PLANET In simple terms, Earth’s magnetic field behaves as if there were a powerful bar magnet at the centre of the planet, tilted at about 11° to the axis of rotation. In reality, however, the processes involved in generating the field are far more complex. The magnetic field is thought to be la ...
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Ferrofluid



A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic and fluid) is a liquid that becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.Ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell as a liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a pump inlet in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field.Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as ""superparamagnets"" rather than ferromagnets.The difference between ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.
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