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BTEC National in Applied Science Unit 01 Sample redacted web
... An ammonium ion contains a dative bond (see Figure 1.8). When ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid, a hydrogen ion from the acid is transferred to the ammonia molecule. A lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom forms a dative covalent bond with the hydrogen ion. ...
... An ammonium ion contains a dative bond (see Figure 1.8). When ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid, a hydrogen ion from the acid is transferred to the ammonia molecule. A lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom forms a dative covalent bond with the hydrogen ion. ...
Self-consistent approach for calculations of exciton binding energy
... Presently, the best results are usually obtained within the framework of the variational approach, where a certain form of the exciton wave function, depending on one or more variational parameters is being postulated. The exciton energy is then calculated by minimizing the respective energy functio ...
... Presently, the best results are usually obtained within the framework of the variational approach, where a certain form of the exciton wave function, depending on one or more variational parameters is being postulated. The exciton energy is then calculated by minimizing the respective energy functio ...
Metal-Ligand and Metal-Metal Bonding Lecture Notes
... 1. Radius (Covalent/ionic) :- Increases from right to left and down a group. 2. Electropositivity:- electropositive character increases from right to left and down a group. The trends observed in 1 and 2 are a result of the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) that is a consequence of shielding and penet ...
... 1. Radius (Covalent/ionic) :- Increases from right to left and down a group. 2. Electropositivity:- electropositive character increases from right to left and down a group. The trends observed in 1 and 2 are a result of the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) that is a consequence of shielding and penet ...
Atomic physics
... words there is a slow modulation in the intensity of the lines in the photoassociation spectrum, which can be used to generate the wave function of the ground vibrational state and determine its phase shift relative to a sine wave starting from R50. Measuring the phase shift, or equivalently, the sc ...
... words there is a slow modulation in the intensity of the lines in the photoassociation spectrum, which can be used to generate the wave function of the ground vibrational state and determine its phase shift relative to a sine wave starting from R50. Measuring the phase shift, or equivalently, the sc ...
11.1 Enthalpy PowerPoint
... consists of an insulated container made of three nested polystyrene cups, a measured quantity of water, and a thermometer. The chemical is placed in or dissolved in the water of the calorimeter. Energy transfers between the chemical system and the surrounding water is monitored by measuring changes ...
... consists of an insulated container made of three nested polystyrene cups, a measured quantity of water, and a thermometer. The chemical is placed in or dissolved in the water of the calorimeter. Energy transfers between the chemical system and the surrounding water is monitored by measuring changes ...
Measurement of the total energy of an isolated system by an internal
... on to argue that this is a fundamental constraint relating the precision with which the total energy of an isolated system is measured and the amount of time taken to carry out the measurement. A central result of the present article is to correct this statement. Let us first note that if Aharonov a ...
... on to argue that this is a fundamental constraint relating the precision with which the total energy of an isolated system is measured and the amount of time taken to carry out the measurement. A central result of the present article is to correct this statement. Let us first note that if Aharonov a ...
Title: Understanding of Molecular Orbital
... We also came to know about their symmetry such as gerade (g) and ungerade (u) depending on electronic distribution about the center of inversion. This arises only for the symmetric molecules that have inversion symmetry. We have also understood how to distribute electrons into the molecular orbitals ...
... We also came to know about their symmetry such as gerade (g) and ungerade (u) depending on electronic distribution about the center of inversion. This arises only for the symmetric molecules that have inversion symmetry. We have also understood how to distribute electrons into the molecular orbitals ...
Imaging resonances in low-energy NO-He inelastic collisions REPORTS
... of the molecule. Using cryogenically cooled molecular species such as CO and O2, partial-wave resonances were observed in the state-to-state ICSs for inelastic collisions with He and H2 target beams at energies down to 4 K (14–16). The measurement of DCSs at scattering resonances remains a largely u ...
... of the molecule. Using cryogenically cooled molecular species such as CO and O2, partial-wave resonances were observed in the state-to-state ICSs for inelastic collisions with He and H2 target beams at energies down to 4 K (14–16). The measurement of DCSs at scattering resonances remains a largely u ...
R C.-T. Chen and F. Robicheaux
... There have been several theoretical methods introduced to describe multiphoton processes in atoms @1–11#. In particular, the Floquet approximation has proved to be successful for most experimental conditions where strong lasers interact with atoms or ions. There are several assumptions in the Floque ...
... There have been several theoretical methods introduced to describe multiphoton processes in atoms @1–11#. In particular, the Floquet approximation has proved to be successful for most experimental conditions where strong lasers interact with atoms or ions. There are several assumptions in the Floque ...
Revision IB2 Topic 1
... amount of CaCO3 = 100.09 (no penalty for use of 100); amount of HCl = 2 × 0.0125 = 0.0250 mol (allow ECF); ...
... amount of CaCO3 = 100.09 (no penalty for use of 100); amount of HCl = 2 × 0.0125 = 0.0250 mol (allow ECF); ...
The Two Slit Experiment
... conclusions reached are what would be expected on the basis of what is now known about quantum mechanics from a multitude of other experiments. Thus, this largely hypothetical experiment (otherwise known as a thought experiment or gedanken experiment) serves to illustrate the kind of behaviour that ...
... conclusions reached are what would be expected on the basis of what is now known about quantum mechanics from a multitude of other experiments. Thus, this largely hypothetical experiment (otherwise known as a thought experiment or gedanken experiment) serves to illustrate the kind of behaviour that ...
Few-electron quantum dot circuit with integrated charge read out
... number of conduction electrons on each dot. This number can be reduced to zero, while still allowing transport measurements through the double dot. Microwave radiation is used to pump an electron from one dot to the other by absoiption of a single photon. The experiments demonstrate that this quantu ...
... number of conduction electrons on each dot. This number can be reduced to zero, while still allowing transport measurements through the double dot. Microwave radiation is used to pump an electron from one dot to the other by absoiption of a single photon. The experiments demonstrate that this quantu ...
First-order strong-field QED processes in a tightly focused laser beam
... ξ0 = 1 corresponds to an optical (ω0 ∼ 1 eV) laser intensity of the order of 1018 W/cm2 , it is customary to consider the highly nonlinear regime where ξ0 1 (see Ref. [17] for a recent study where other interesting features in the regime ξ0 ∼ 1 also are investigated). The process of the emission o ...
... ξ0 = 1 corresponds to an optical (ω0 ∼ 1 eV) laser intensity of the order of 1018 W/cm2 , it is customary to consider the highly nonlinear regime where ξ0 1 (see Ref. [17] for a recent study where other interesting features in the regime ξ0 ∼ 1 also are investigated). The process of the emission o ...
Unified treatment of quantum coherent and incoherent hopping
... phonons. Additionally, electronic de-excitation of a donor chromophore and excitation of an acceptor occur via nonequilibrium phonon states in accordance with the vertical Franck–Condon transition. The phonons coupled to each chromophore then relax to their respective equilibrium states on a charact ...
... phonons. Additionally, electronic de-excitation of a donor chromophore and excitation of an acceptor occur via nonequilibrium phonon states in accordance with the vertical Franck–Condon transition. The phonons coupled to each chromophore then relax to their respective equilibrium states on a charact ...
Background Material
... various bands formed by overlapping the building-block orbitals of the constituent atoms will be filled to various levels. For example, if each building block orbital shown above has a single valence electron in an s-orbital (e.g., as in the case of the alkali metals), the sband will be half filled ...
... various bands formed by overlapping the building-block orbitals of the constituent atoms will be filled to various levels. For example, if each building block orbital shown above has a single valence electron in an s-orbital (e.g., as in the case of the alkali metals), the sband will be half filled ...
Metal-Ligand and Metal-Metal Bonding Core Module 4 RED
... 1. Radius (Covalent/ionic) :- Increases from right to left and down a group. 2. Electropositivity:- electropositive character increases from right to left and down a group. The trends observed in 1 and 2 are a result of the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) that is a consequence of shielding and penet ...
... 1. Radius (Covalent/ionic) :- Increases from right to left and down a group. 2. Electropositivity:- electropositive character increases from right to left and down a group. The trends observed in 1 and 2 are a result of the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) that is a consequence of shielding and penet ...
Worksheet Significant Figures
... graphs are used when the data is qualitative (descriptive, based on observations or categories of data). Line graphs are used when the data is quantitative (more precise, measured with tools). **VERY IMPORTANT** When designing an experiment, you should have only one independent and one dependent var ...
... graphs are used when the data is qualitative (descriptive, based on observations or categories of data). Line graphs are used when the data is quantitative (more precise, measured with tools). **VERY IMPORTANT** When designing an experiment, you should have only one independent and one dependent var ...
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires high vacuum (P ~ 10−8 millibar) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV; P < 10−9 millibar) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its as-received state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to clean off some or all of the surface contamination (with mild ion etching) or to intentionally expose deeper layers of the sample (with more extensive ion etching) in depth-profiling XPS, exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, exposure to ultraviolet light.XPS is also known as ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), an abbreviation introduced by Kai Siegbahn's research group to emphasize the chemical (rather than merely elemental) information that the technique provides.In principle XPS detects all elements. In practice, using typical laboratory-scale X-ray sources, XPS detects all elements with an atomic number (Z) of 3 (lithium) and above. It cannot easily detect hydrogen (Z = 1) or helium (Z = 2).Detection limits for most of the elements (on a modern instrument) are in the parts per thousand range. Detection limits of parts per million (ppm) are possible, but require special conditions: concentration at top surface or very long collection time (overnight).XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others.XPS is less routinely used to analyze the hydrated forms of some of the above materials by freezing the samples in their hydrated state in an ultra pure environment, and allowing or causing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis. Such hydrated XPS analysis allows hydrated sample structures, which may be different from vacuum-dehydrated sample structures, to be studied in their more relevant as-used hydrated structure. Many bio-materials such as hydrogels are examples of such samples.