Chemistry of Cars unit_7_chemistry_of_cars
... rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an NO or NO2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming ...
... rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an NO or NO2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming ...
+ H 2 O(l )
... Product of strong acid + strong base • When a strong acid and a strong base react the chemical change that always occurs is that H+ ions react with OHto form water. • Strong acid- HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 • Strong base-NaOH, KOH ...
... Product of strong acid + strong base • When a strong acid and a strong base react the chemical change that always occurs is that H+ ions react with OHto form water. • Strong acid- HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 • Strong base-NaOH, KOH ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitrogen Cpds
... careful acidification, some yellow crystals are produced together with L, C7H7NO2. L can be produced from 4-nitromethylbenzene in a 2-step reaction via an intermediate M. 4-nitromethylbenzene is first heated with tin in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid to form M, and then followed by a ...
... careful acidification, some yellow crystals are produced together with L, C7H7NO2. L can be produced from 4-nitromethylbenzene in a 2-step reaction via an intermediate M. 4-nitromethylbenzene is first heated with tin in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid to form M, and then followed by a ...
File
... It’s time to practice what you have already learned about moles, chemical reactions and dimensional analysis. We will learn one new conversion factor and then combine it with other concepts. Molar Volume is the volume of one mole of gas. Since the space between molecules in a gas is very great compa ...
... It’s time to practice what you have already learned about moles, chemical reactions and dimensional analysis. We will learn one new conversion factor and then combine it with other concepts. Molar Volume is the volume of one mole of gas. Since the space between molecules in a gas is very great compa ...
Chapter 10
... Balanced Chemical Equations Skeleton equations do not reflect the fact that matter is conserved during a reaction. An equation must reflect that the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the arrow. This is called a balanced chemical equation. To balance a chemical equation, use coef ...
... Balanced Chemical Equations Skeleton equations do not reflect the fact that matter is conserved during a reaction. An equation must reflect that the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the arrow. This is called a balanced chemical equation. To balance a chemical equation, use coef ...
No Slide Title
... The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred. 1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero. ...
... The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred. 1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero. ...
Sample Questions
... 3. The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you were able to pick up only one carbon unit, the chances that you would randomly get one with a mass of 12.011 is 4. Iron is biologically important in the transport of oxygen by red blood cells from the lungs to the various organs of the bod ...
... 3. The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you were able to pick up only one carbon unit, the chances that you would randomly get one with a mass of 12.011 is 4. Iron is biologically important in the transport of oxygen by red blood cells from the lungs to the various organs of the bod ...
PPT: Chemical Reactions and Equations
... ** = complete combustion (+ O2) of a hydrocarbon (CxHy) yields CO2 and H2O Write equations for the combustion of C7H16 and C8H18 1 C7H16 + 11 ...
... ** = complete combustion (+ O2) of a hydrocarbon (CxHy) yields CO2 and H2O Write equations for the combustion of C7H16 and C8H18 1 C7H16 + 11 ...
Name……………………………………............................. Index number
... 16. 1.0 g of an alloy of aluminium and copper was reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. 840 cm 3 of hydrogen gas was produced at s. t. p. Calculate the percentage of aluminium in the alloy. (Al=27, Molar Gas Volume is 22400 cm3). ...
... 16. 1.0 g of an alloy of aluminium and copper was reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. 840 cm 3 of hydrogen gas was produced at s. t. p. Calculate the percentage of aluminium in the alloy. (Al=27, Molar Gas Volume is 22400 cm3). ...
Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
... The oxidation number of H decreases; it is reduced; H2SO4 is the oxidizing agent. ...
... The oxidation number of H decreases; it is reduced; H2SO4 is the oxidizing agent. ...
Many thermal and chemical reactions occur during the roasting
... The temperature of the roasting environment determines the specific types of chemical reactions that occur. There is a window of temperatures that produce favorable reactions for the ideal cup characteristics. Temperature values outside of this window have a negative effect on quintessential cup qua ...
... The temperature of the roasting environment determines the specific types of chemical reactions that occur. There is a window of temperatures that produce favorable reactions for the ideal cup characteristics. Temperature values outside of this window have a negative effect on quintessential cup qua ...
Sherbert
... reactions are used to produce a range of products and can occur at different rates; chemical reactions may be represented by balanced chemical equations. ...
... reactions are used to produce a range of products and can occur at different rates; chemical reactions may be represented by balanced chemical equations. ...
Chemical Reactions (L1)
... Don’t forget about the diatomic elements! (BrINClHOF) For example, Oxygen is O2 as an element. In a compound, it can’t be a diatomic element because it’s not an element anymore, it’s a compound! ...
... Don’t forget about the diatomic elements! (BrINClHOF) For example, Oxygen is O2 as an element. In a compound, it can’t be a diatomic element because it’s not an element anymore, it’s a compound! ...
Lecture 2
... There are electrons outside the d shell which interfere with pi bonding. In higher oxidation states they are removed. For transition metals: high oxidation states and position to the left of periodic table are hard low oxidation states and position to the right of periodic table are soft ...
... There are electrons outside the d shell which interfere with pi bonding. In higher oxidation states they are removed. For transition metals: high oxidation states and position to the left of periodic table are hard low oxidation states and position to the right of periodic table are soft ...
Spontaniety
... Standard molar entropies of pure substances are always positive quantities. Aqueous ions may have negative entropy values. As a group, gases tend to have higher entropies than liquids. An increase in the number of moles of a gas also leads to a higher entropy and vice versa. As a molecule becomes mo ...
... Standard molar entropies of pure substances are always positive quantities. Aqueous ions may have negative entropy values. As a group, gases tend to have higher entropies than liquids. An increase in the number of moles of a gas also leads to a higher entropy and vice versa. As a molecule becomes mo ...
Types of Chemical Reactions (rxns.)
... Writing Total Ionic Equations Once you write the molecular equation (synthesis, decomposition, etc.), you should check for reactants and products that are soluble or ...
... Writing Total Ionic Equations Once you write the molecular equation (synthesis, decomposition, etc.), you should check for reactants and products that are soluble or ...
Various Types of RXNS
... 3. Double displacement reaction: occurs when the cation (+) and the anion (-) of the two reactants are interchanged. The general form of a double displacement reaction is compound (AB) + compound (CD) → compound (AD) + compound (CB) FeS +2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S 4. Decomposition reaction: occurs when ener ...
... 3. Double displacement reaction: occurs when the cation (+) and the anion (-) of the two reactants are interchanged. The general form of a double displacement reaction is compound (AB) + compound (CD) → compound (AD) + compound (CB) FeS +2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S 4. Decomposition reaction: occurs when ener ...
Chapter 4: Aqueous Reactions and Solution
... reactions and our abilities to predict the products of and write balanced chemical equations for a variety of chemical reactions. We will also review solution terminology, properties of solutions and the concept of molarity. We will then be able extend our ability to do stoichiometric calculations t ...
... reactions and our abilities to predict the products of and write balanced chemical equations for a variety of chemical reactions. We will also review solution terminology, properties of solutions and the concept of molarity. We will then be able extend our ability to do stoichiometric calculations t ...
types of reactions
... state where 2 exactly opposite chemical reactions are occurring at the same place, same time, and same rate (speed) where reactions continuously occur •Two opposing forces are being exerted but they are in a state of balance •Amounts of all chemical entities are constant but do not ...
... state where 2 exactly opposite chemical reactions are occurring at the same place, same time, and same rate (speed) where reactions continuously occur •Two opposing forces are being exerted but they are in a state of balance •Amounts of all chemical entities are constant but do not ...
examples of chemical and physical reactions.
... 1. Paint or grease. This prevents water or oxygen reaching the iron. However, this is only a temporary step since paint can flake off and grease can be rubbed off quite easily. Bikes are often painted of greased to prevent rust, since this is the cheapest method of prevention. 2. Plastic. Plastic is ...
... 1. Paint or grease. This prevents water or oxygen reaching the iron. However, this is only a temporary step since paint can flake off and grease can be rubbed off quite easily. Bikes are often painted of greased to prevent rust, since this is the cheapest method of prevention. 2. Plastic. Plastic is ...
enthalpy worksheet
... For exothermic reactions, enthalpy values are always negative, that is the energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants. This is because energy is released as new bonds are formed in the products and this amount of energy is greater than the energy required to break the old bonds in th ...
... For exothermic reactions, enthalpy values are always negative, that is the energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants. This is because energy is released as new bonds are formed in the products and this amount of energy is greater than the energy required to break the old bonds in th ...
chapter 4 lecture slides
... • Water soluble and molecular, and a weak acid or weak base = weak electrolyte • Otherwise, the compound is probably a nonelectrolyte. ...
... • Water soluble and molecular, and a weak acid or weak base = weak electrolyte • Otherwise, the compound is probably a nonelectrolyte. ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.