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chapter33
chapter33

... In a capacitor, during one-half of a cycle, energy is stored and during the other half the energy is returned to the circuit and no power losses occur in the capacitor In an inductor, the source does work against the back emf of the inductor and energy is stored in the inductor, but when the current ...
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... sine wave but a distorted signal, which when averaged out by the DMM’s filter will give an offset which will also result in a reading error A 1Gohm resistor measured with a DMM at 10 volts will only have a current of 10nA flowing in the test leads, a noise pick up of just 10 Pico amps will be 0.1% n ...
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... Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended. In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditi ...
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... T is the time constant, that is, the time which would be taken for steady state conditions to be achieved if initial rates of change were maintained. It is the same time constant as we saw above, that is T=CR. Note that this is because we are looking at the same C-R circuit as above; practical circu ...
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... cycle, that is a transition from “0” to “1” and to “0” or from “1” to “0” and back to “1”. The clock circuit generates a sequence of clock pulses (or train of pulses) at a frequency f approximately 1 KHz. Provision is made for an external timing capacitor to obtain other frequencies. Pulses: Pulser ...
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... In this circuit, A1 is the main amplifier, and A2 is the nulling amplifier. In the sample mode (switches in "S" position), the nulling amplifier, A2, monitors the input offset voltage of A1 and drives its output to zero by applying a suitable correcting voltage at A1's null pin. Note, however, that ...
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... This pressure is due to the difference in the height of the top of the pipe and its bottom. The absolute altitudes (say above mean sea level, or the center of the planet) are not important. Another example: you decide to jump off a cliff, the top of which is at 1000 feet above sea level. Important q ...
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... do you think it might be a problem if too many appliances are turned on at once? (Hint: current in a wire also produces heat.) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ...
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Operational amplifier



An operational amplifier (""op-amp"") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
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