The Spinal Nerve
... 13-5 Discuss the significance of neuronal pools, and describe the major patterns of interaction among neurons within and among these pools. 13-6 Describe the steps in a neural reflex, and classify the types of reflexes. 13-7 Distinguish among the types of motor responses produced by various reflexes ...
... 13-5 Discuss the significance of neuronal pools, and describe the major patterns of interaction among neurons within and among these pools. 13-6 Describe the steps in a neural reflex, and classify the types of reflexes. 13-7 Distinguish among the types of motor responses produced by various reflexes ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... – Some reflexes do not develop until after birth (e.g. segmental rolling reflex appears by 6 months) – Some reflex patterns are present at birth and then disappear (e.g. rooting reflex appears at birth and disappears b/w 3 and 6 mos.) – Some reflexes are present for a full lifetime (e.g. gag; swallo ...
... – Some reflexes do not develop until after birth (e.g. segmental rolling reflex appears by 6 months) – Some reflex patterns are present at birth and then disappear (e.g. rooting reflex appears at birth and disappears b/w 3 and 6 mos.) – Some reflexes are present for a full lifetime (e.g. gag; swallo ...
Vestibular System
... Pressure waves of air (20 to 20,000 Hz in man; up to 40,000 Hz in the dog &100,000 Hz in the bat) can be interpreted as sound. Sound has subjective properties that correspond to parameters of physics: pitch = wave frequency = Hz = Hertz = cycles/sec., volume = amplitude from the low point to the hig ...
... Pressure waves of air (20 to 20,000 Hz in man; up to 40,000 Hz in the dog &100,000 Hz in the bat) can be interpreted as sound. Sound has subjective properties that correspond to parameters of physics: pitch = wave frequency = Hz = Hertz = cycles/sec., volume = amplitude from the low point to the hig ...
Applied physiology: neuropathic pain
... for good ethical reasons, most animal models of neuropathic pain study the animals for a period of weeks, whereas the clinical course of neuropathic pain presenting to a pain relief clinic is often measured in years. Finally, as with all animal models, it is difficult to know what is actually percei ...
... for good ethical reasons, most animal models of neuropathic pain study the animals for a period of weeks, whereas the clinical course of neuropathic pain presenting to a pain relief clinic is often measured in years. Finally, as with all animal models, it is difficult to know what is actually percei ...
File
... ____ 13. Use the graph above to answer the next question. During which indicated period is depolarization occurring? a. A b. B c. C d. D ____ 14. Use the graph above to answer the next question. During which indicated interval do potassium ions rapidly exit the axoplasm? a. A b. B c. C d. D ____ 15 ...
... ____ 13. Use the graph above to answer the next question. During which indicated period is depolarization occurring? a. A b. B c. C d. D ____ 14. Use the graph above to answer the next question. During which indicated interval do potassium ions rapidly exit the axoplasm? a. A b. B c. C d. D ____ 15 ...
Population coding of orientation in the visual cortex of alert cats ^ an
... Pairs of sites were either recorded on the same electrodebundle (o100 mm lateral spread), on different bundles but within the same visual area (o2–3 mm apart) or across visual areas. A one-way ANOVA reveals that this spatial separation has a significant effect on information and synergy (po0.05; Fig ...
... Pairs of sites were either recorded on the same electrodebundle (o100 mm lateral spread), on different bundles but within the same visual area (o2–3 mm apart) or across visual areas. A one-way ANOVA reveals that this spatial separation has a significant effect on information and synergy (po0.05; Fig ...
interaction: the nervous and endocrine systems
... nerve centre. The peripheral nervous system is divided into: • The soma(c nervous system, which connects the sensory receptors of the sensory organs to the central nervous system and this to the skeletal muscle. It receives informa+on from external s+muli. It also transmits signals for voluntary ...
... nerve centre. The peripheral nervous system is divided into: • The soma(c nervous system, which connects the sensory receptors of the sensory organs to the central nervous system and this to the skeletal muscle. It receives informa+on from external s+muli. It also transmits signals for voluntary ...
Central nervous System Lesions Leading to Disability
... Human motor systems may produce either a change in muscle length and result with change in joint angles, as when we reach for an object, or merely a change in tension, as when we tighten our grasp on an object already within our hand. To accomplish these different goals, the motor systems must take ...
... Human motor systems may produce either a change in muscle length and result with change in joint angles, as when we reach for an object, or merely a change in tension, as when we tighten our grasp on an object already within our hand. To accomplish these different goals, the motor systems must take ...
Y.I. Molkov, Baroreflex models, Encyclopedia of Computational
... neurons, their activity does not have any frequency component corresponding to cardiac frequency. Somehow they do not respond to each heartbeat by performing a “low-pass filtration” of their inputs. Rogers et al. (2000) suggested that this property can be concerned either with specific biophysical p ...
... neurons, their activity does not have any frequency component corresponding to cardiac frequency. Somehow they do not respond to each heartbeat by performing a “low-pass filtration” of their inputs. Rogers et al. (2000) suggested that this property can be concerned either with specific biophysical p ...
CENTRALNA BOLEČINA – PATOFIZIOLOGIJA IN TERAPIJA CENTRAL
... neurons may be responsible for spontaneous pain and allodynia • results in an overall decrease in thalamic activity which is evident as hypometabolism on PET scans and hypoperfusion on SPECT and serves as an epiphenomena of thalamic dysfunction or thalamic deafferentation central sensitization • i ...
... neurons may be responsible for spontaneous pain and allodynia • results in an overall decrease in thalamic activity which is evident as hypometabolism on PET scans and hypoperfusion on SPECT and serves as an epiphenomena of thalamic dysfunction or thalamic deafferentation central sensitization • i ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming), beveled (30°, 20-m tip diameter) and filled with 2 M sodium chloride (⬃1 M⍀). Electrodes for intracellular recordings were filled with a mixture of 2 M potassium acetate and 3 M potassium chloride (10:1) which gave final resistances of ⬃90 –120 M⍀. Ver ...
... with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming), beveled (30°, 20-m tip diameter) and filled with 2 M sodium chloride (⬃1 M⍀). Electrodes for intracellular recordings were filled with a mixture of 2 M potassium acetate and 3 M potassium chloride (10:1) which gave final resistances of ⬃90 –120 M⍀. Ver ...
A103 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... dominant neurotransmitter - glutamate - powerful excitatory effects on target structures (STN has been suggested to be major driving force and central feature of basal ganglia circuitry) N.B. classically STN was thought be GABAergic and inhibitory! ...
... dominant neurotransmitter - glutamate - powerful excitatory effects on target structures (STN has been suggested to be major driving force and central feature of basal ganglia circuitry) N.B. classically STN was thought be GABAergic and inhibitory! ...
A part of the cholinergic fibers in mouse superior cervical ganglia
... the condition in which boutons richly surround the cellbody. The number of GAD65-immunopositive baskets per one section (12 grmu m thick) were 48.6+/-9.8 (n=5). All GAD65-immunopositive boutons exhibited VAchT immunoreactivity (Fig. 1). GAD65-immunopositive boutons and nNOS-immunopositive fibers of ...
... the condition in which boutons richly surround the cellbody. The number of GAD65-immunopositive baskets per one section (12 grmu m thick) were 48.6+/-9.8 (n=5). All GAD65-immunopositive boutons exhibited VAchT immunoreactivity (Fig. 1). GAD65-immunopositive boutons and nNOS-immunopositive fibers of ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... Motor-unit discrimination was accomplished using a template-matching algorithm based on waveform shape and amplitude. An event channel representing the timing of discharges of accepted action potentials for a motor unit was generated. The discharge times of one unit, termed the event unit, were plot ...
... Motor-unit discrimination was accomplished using a template-matching algorithm based on waveform shape and amplitude. An event channel representing the timing of discharges of accepted action potentials for a motor unit was generated. The discharge times of one unit, termed the event unit, were plot ...
Hearing, I: The Cochlea - American Journal of Neuroradiology
... the round window by otosclerotic plaques may render prosthetic stapedectomy ineffective because of the incompressible nature of the labyrinthine fluid. It is interesting that the entire fluid volume of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear is only 0.2 mL, yet without it hearing would not be poss ...
... the round window by otosclerotic plaques may render prosthetic stapedectomy ineffective because of the incompressible nature of the labyrinthine fluid. It is interesting that the entire fluid volume of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear is only 0.2 mL, yet without it hearing would not be poss ...
Part 3 - Health Recovery Group
... to new methods of treatment. Two keys are a positive attitude and active patient participation. Pain reduces function. Recovery, therefore, requires physical reconditioning as well as an ability to relax and change your perception of pain. Although every patient needs an individual program, David Co ...
... to new methods of treatment. Two keys are a positive attitude and active patient participation. Pain reduces function. Recovery, therefore, requires physical reconditioning as well as an ability to relax and change your perception of pain. Although every patient needs an individual program, David Co ...
The Etiology of Migraine
... years, many as young adults and a few after the age of forty. We don’t know why the migraine in children and adolescents often stops during their adulthood. We cannot explain why childhood and adolescent migraine attacks usually cease after sleep and the adult migraine might continue for days. In fa ...
... years, many as young adults and a few after the age of forty. We don’t know why the migraine in children and adolescents often stops during their adulthood. We cannot explain why childhood and adolescent migraine attacks usually cease after sleep and the adult migraine might continue for days. In fa ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... somatic nervous system. Impulses originating in the brain are carried through the spinal cord, where they synapse with the dendrites of motor neurons. The axons from these motor neurons extend from the spinal cord carrying impulses directly to muscles, causing the contractions that produce voluntary ...
... somatic nervous system. Impulses originating in the brain are carried through the spinal cord, where they synapse with the dendrites of motor neurons. The axons from these motor neurons extend from the spinal cord carrying impulses directly to muscles, causing the contractions that produce voluntary ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Have least delay between sensory input and motor output: For example, stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) ...
... Have least delay between sensory input and motor output: For example, stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Have least delay between sensory input and motor output: For example, stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) ...
... Have least delay between sensory input and motor output: For example, stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) ...
Lange Physiology > Section II
... As noted above, axons conduct impulses in either direction. However, conduction at synapses procedes in only one direction, ie, orthodromic, because the neurotransmitter at the synapse is in the presynaptic and not in the postsynaptic cell. The one-way gate at the synapses is necessary for orderly ...
... As noted above, axons conduct impulses in either direction. However, conduction at synapses procedes in only one direction, ie, orthodromic, because the neurotransmitter at the synapse is in the presynaptic and not in the postsynaptic cell. The one-way gate at the synapses is necessary for orderly ...
Reflexes. Reaction time.
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle – high conduction velocity, short latency, without extension (i.e. no irra ...
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle – high conduction velocity, short latency, without extension (i.e. no irra ...
REVIEW VERTEBRAE, SPINAL NERVES, REFLEXES 1
... 7. ____ A 24-year-old-patient is seen for a routine neurological exam. The patient is a medical student who has been studying intensely for Step 1 board (or Final) examinations. Testing of patellar tendon reflexes (deep tendon reflex) shows bilateral, mild hyperreflexia (scored 3). The physician sus ...
... 7. ____ A 24-year-old-patient is seen for a routine neurological exam. The patient is a medical student who has been studying intensely for Step 1 board (or Final) examinations. Testing of patellar tendon reflexes (deep tendon reflex) shows bilateral, mild hyperreflexia (scored 3). The physician sus ...
Trigeminal pathways handout
... 1. Outline the two pathways for facial sensation from the head. 2. Contrast facial sensation from the head and somatic sensation from the body. In what ways are they similar? Different? Try drawing this on the Haines atlas diagram at the end of the lecture. 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferen ...
... 1. Outline the two pathways for facial sensation from the head. 2. Contrast facial sensation from the head and somatic sensation from the body. In what ways are they similar? Different? Try drawing this on the Haines atlas diagram at the end of the lecture. 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferen ...
ANS
... The parasympathetic division exerts short-lived, highly localized control The sympathetic division exerts long-lasting, diffuse effects ...
... The parasympathetic division exerts short-lived, highly localized control The sympathetic division exerts long-lasting, diffuse effects ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.