Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta
... is devoted also to amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine and their effects on neuroglia. Opioids, mainly morphine, have been used for relieving pain for a long time. Their effects have been known since an ancient period. Except of their medical effects, opioids and their semi-synthetically/synthet ...
... is devoted also to amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine and their effects on neuroglia. Opioids, mainly morphine, have been used for relieving pain for a long time. Their effects have been known since an ancient period. Except of their medical effects, opioids and their semi-synthetically/synthet ...
Extrastriatal and striatal D 2 dopamine receptor blockade with
... vivo D2 striatal blockade reported with the usual doses of clozapine (Farde et al, al, 1992). Whereas the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathways appear to be involved in extrapyramidal side-effects, models of the antipsychotic mechanism of action involve extrastriatal cerebral structures such as the m ...
... vivo D2 striatal blockade reported with the usual doses of clozapine (Farde et al, al, 1992). Whereas the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathways appear to be involved in extrapyramidal side-effects, models of the antipsychotic mechanism of action involve extrastriatal cerebral structures such as the m ...
Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of NMDA Receptor Channels
... glutamate concentration, likely reaching μM values (Phillis and O'Regan 2003, Heinrich et al. 2012). Such high levels of ambient glutamate cause excessive tonic activation of receptors, inducing excitotoxicity. Upon coagonist and agonist binding, ion channel opens selectively for cations (especially ...
... glutamate concentration, likely reaching μM values (Phillis and O'Regan 2003, Heinrich et al. 2012). Such high levels of ambient glutamate cause excessive tonic activation of receptors, inducing excitotoxicity. Upon coagonist and agonist binding, ion channel opens selectively for cations (especially ...
GAIT AND LOCOMOTION
... involvement is minimal: when the animal is required to go over barriers in the travel path or is constrained to place its paws on a specific location (such as rungs of a ladder) the intensity (but not the phase) of the activity in the corticospinal tract increases dramatically (Bronstein et al 2003) ...
... involvement is minimal: when the animal is required to go over barriers in the travel path or is constrained to place its paws on a specific location (such as rungs of a ladder) the intensity (but not the phase) of the activity in the corticospinal tract increases dramatically (Bronstein et al 2003) ...
Peripheral Nervous System Structure of a Nerve Cranial Nerves
... cranial nerves issuing from the brain is named specifically, the spinal nerves are named for the region of the cord from which they arise. Figure 7.22 shows how the nerves are named in this scheme. Almost immediately after being formed, each spinal nerve divides into dorsal and ventral rami (rami), ...
... cranial nerves issuing from the brain is named specifically, the spinal nerves are named for the region of the cord from which they arise. Figure 7.22 shows how the nerves are named in this scheme. Almost immediately after being formed, each spinal nerve divides into dorsal and ventral rami (rami), ...
Activity Regulates the Synaptic Localization of the NMDA Receptor
... Johnson et al., 1996) as well as at extrasynaptic plasma membrane in neonatal cortex (Aoki et al., 1994). Doublelabel immunolocalization with antibodies against NR1 and AMPA-type glutamate receptors indicate that the two receptors are colocalized at the postsynaptic membrane of some synapses (Siegel ...
... Johnson et al., 1996) as well as at extrasynaptic plasma membrane in neonatal cortex (Aoki et al., 1994). Doublelabel immunolocalization with antibodies against NR1 and AMPA-type glutamate receptors indicate that the two receptors are colocalized at the postsynaptic membrane of some synapses (Siegel ...
The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the
... or control parameters).. and ~). However, reverversus speed dxldr, see also Chapter 13 (WU et al.). sals in recruitment order are known to exist. In The MAA is the part of the plane to the right of the this case, individual threshold lines will cross each line. The position of the line (determined b ...
... or control parameters).. and ~). However, reverversus speed dxldr, see also Chapter 13 (WU et al.). sals in recruitment order are known to exist. In The MAA is the part of the plane to the right of the this case, individual threshold lines will cross each line. The position of the line (determined b ...
peripheral neuropathy
... on the modality involved, i.e. motor versus sensory, and can also give clues as to the underlying pathology, whether axonal or demyelinating. Demyelinating neuropathies (neuropathies due to loss or destruction of myelin) result in slowed conduction velocities and prolonged distal latencies, because ...
... on the modality involved, i.e. motor versus sensory, and can also give clues as to the underlying pathology, whether axonal or demyelinating. Demyelinating neuropathies (neuropathies due to loss or destruction of myelin) result in slowed conduction velocities and prolonged distal latencies, because ...
Lecture 2: Structure and function of the NS
... To achieve long distance (several cm), rapid communication (150 m/s), neurons have evolved special abilities for sending electrical signals (Action potentials) ...
... To achieve long distance (several cm), rapid communication (150 m/s), neurons have evolved special abilities for sending electrical signals (Action potentials) ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
Detecting Action Potentials in Neuronal Populations with Calcium
... ideal indicator should translate membrane potential ...
... ideal indicator should translate membrane potential ...
Lester-Lect to CaltechAssociates-Nov
... 3. Inverse correlation between long-term tobacco smoking and Parkinson’s disease In identical twins discordant for both Parkinson’s disease & smoking, the unaffected twin smoked at a significantly higher rate. In those twins where one or both smoked, The unaffected twin smoked 12 pack-years more. T ...
... 3. Inverse correlation between long-term tobacco smoking and Parkinson’s disease In identical twins discordant for both Parkinson’s disease & smoking, the unaffected twin smoked at a significantly higher rate. In those twins where one or both smoked, The unaffected twin smoked 12 pack-years more. T ...
fMRI can see M1, premotor activity Corresponding to Individual
... performed during scanning. Subjects were presented with visual feedback of the torque applied to the manipulandum and their total muscle activity (summation of the rectified, smoothed EMG activity from antagonist wrist muscles) at all times (Fig.1B). Torque, cocontraction and rest conditions were al ...
... performed during scanning. Subjects were presented with visual feedback of the torque applied to the manipulandum and their total muscle activity (summation of the rectified, smoothed EMG activity from antagonist wrist muscles) at all times (Fig.1B). Torque, cocontraction and rest conditions were al ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... neurons. This EPSP remains subthreshold in most neurons because it is rapidly curtailed by a disynaptic IPSP. This model is consistent with established effects of acetylcholine-receptor activation in the hippocampus, including excitation of pyramidal neurons19,20, suppression of synaptic transmissio ...
... neurons. This EPSP remains subthreshold in most neurons because it is rapidly curtailed by a disynaptic IPSP. This model is consistent with established effects of acetylcholine-receptor activation in the hippocampus, including excitation of pyramidal neurons19,20, suppression of synaptic transmissio ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... intact autonomic reflexes, microinjections of non-NMDA and NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists in the NTS have been utilized to mimic or block, respectively, the reflex responses evoked by stimulation of the visceral afferent fibers. Such studies have variably implicated the participation of eith ...
... intact autonomic reflexes, microinjections of non-NMDA and NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists in the NTS have been utilized to mimic or block, respectively, the reflex responses evoked by stimulation of the visceral afferent fibers. Such studies have variably implicated the participation of eith ...
a.Nerve Regeneration
... • Sacral nerves serve most of the posterior surfaces of the lower limbs • In the limbs, the overlap is less complete and some skin regions are innervated by just one spinal nerve ...
... • Sacral nerves serve most of the posterior surfaces of the lower limbs • In the limbs, the overlap is less complete and some skin regions are innervated by just one spinal nerve ...
Self Assessment Chapter 14 - CM
... • Sympathetic neurotransmitters (continued): • Acetylcholine (ACh) – neurotransmitter used in excitatory synapses between sympathetic preganglionic axons and postganglionic neurons; postganglionic axons then transmit action potentials to target cell • At synapse with their target cells, postganglion ...
... • Sympathetic neurotransmitters (continued): • Acetylcholine (ACh) – neurotransmitter used in excitatory synapses between sympathetic preganglionic axons and postganglionic neurons; postganglionic axons then transmit action potentials to target cell • At synapse with their target cells, postganglion ...
19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a second messenger system which depolarises the the receptive cell and initiates ...
... the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a second messenger system which depolarises the the receptive cell and initiates ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.