somatic sensation
... Nociceptors are divided in to 4 classes: mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, chemoreceptors, and polymodal receptors (these respond to all 3 stimuli). Nociceptors are similar to other receptor types but generally respond to higher levels of stimulus. e.g. general thermal receptors respond to temper ...
... Nociceptors are divided in to 4 classes: mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, chemoreceptors, and polymodal receptors (these respond to all 3 stimuli). Nociceptors are similar to other receptor types but generally respond to higher levels of stimulus. e.g. general thermal receptors respond to temper ...
lecture #6
... with the PM and the exocytosis of their contents • the synaptic vesicle components are then recycled for future use ...
... with the PM and the exocytosis of their contents • the synaptic vesicle components are then recycled for future use ...
Control of Movement
... and myosin During a muscle twitch, the myosin filaments move relative to the actin filaments, thereby shortening the muscle fiber ...
... and myosin During a muscle twitch, the myosin filaments move relative to the actin filaments, thereby shortening the muscle fiber ...
Lec:2
... The Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex It is a polysynaptic reflex, the painful (other sensory) stimulus passes into a group of inter-neurons and then to the anterior motor neurons to elicit muscle contraction and usually withdrawal of the affected limb. In the inter-neurons, the signals will stimulate the ...
... The Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex It is a polysynaptic reflex, the painful (other sensory) stimulus passes into a group of inter-neurons and then to the anterior motor neurons to elicit muscle contraction and usually withdrawal of the affected limb. In the inter-neurons, the signals will stimulate the ...
10.6: Cell Membrane Potential
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
Unit A: Nervous and Endocrine Systems
... • If the N.T. binds with the postsynaptic receptor and depolarization (-55mV) to threshold occurs on the next neuron = (EXCITATORY) – Opens Na+ channels = impulse transmission continues ...
... • If the N.T. binds with the postsynaptic receptor and depolarization (-55mV) to threshold occurs on the next neuron = (EXCITATORY) – Opens Na+ channels = impulse transmission continues ...
3 Basic Nerve Cells
... and inside the cell. In this manner, the message carried by the neurotransmitter is received and processed by the receiving nerve cell. Once this has occurred, the neurotransmitter is inactivated by being either broken down by an enzyme or reabsorbed back into the nerve cell that released it. The re ...
... and inside the cell. In this manner, the message carried by the neurotransmitter is received and processed by the receiving nerve cell. Once this has occurred, the neurotransmitter is inactivated by being either broken down by an enzyme or reabsorbed back into the nerve cell that released it. The re ...
Ch. 48 - Ltcconline.net
... b. slower onset but last longer 2. eg. when norepinephrine binds to its receptor, a G protein is activated, which ultimately opens many channels (review ch. 11) D. Neurotransmitters - each bind to own receptor - some bind to different receptors which produce very different effects in postsynaptic ce ...
... b. slower onset but last longer 2. eg. when norepinephrine binds to its receptor, a G protein is activated, which ultimately opens many channels (review ch. 11) D. Neurotransmitters - each bind to own receptor - some bind to different receptors which produce very different effects in postsynaptic ce ...
File
... where the axon terminal of one neuron can transfer an impulse to another neuron (or cell) – The small space between cells is the synaptic cleft – Axon terminals contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter ...
... where the axon terminal of one neuron can transfer an impulse to another neuron (or cell) – The small space between cells is the synaptic cleft – Axon terminals contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter ...
PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... layer IV neurons, while inputs driven by the open eye maintained their synapses and expanded their terminal arbors into regions formerly occupied by the closed eye. Closing both eyes had relatively little effect on the distribution of inputs in visual cortex. Thus these experiments were the first to ...
... layer IV neurons, while inputs driven by the open eye maintained their synapses and expanded their terminal arbors into regions formerly occupied by the closed eye. Closing both eyes had relatively little effect on the distribution of inputs in visual cortex. Thus these experiments were the first to ...
Airgas template - Morgan Community College
... several connective tissue sheaths called the _________________. ...
... several connective tissue sheaths called the _________________. ...
Action Potential Webquest
... 4. After sodium ions have flooded into the cell and the sodium gates close, what happens to the potassium ions? 5. How does an action potential conduct along an axon? 6. Describe and draw an action potential. ...
... 4. After sodium ions have flooded into the cell and the sodium gates close, what happens to the potassium ions? 5. How does an action potential conduct along an axon? 6. Describe and draw an action potential. ...
Nerve Tissue
... • advantage of quick transmission – no delay for release and binding of neurotransmitter – Gap junctions in cardiac and smooth muscle and some neurons • disadvantage is they cannot integrate information and make decisions – ability reserved for chemical synapses in which neurons communicate by relea ...
... • advantage of quick transmission – no delay for release and binding of neurotransmitter – Gap junctions in cardiac and smooth muscle and some neurons • disadvantage is they cannot integrate information and make decisions – ability reserved for chemical synapses in which neurons communicate by relea ...
Synaptic Democracy and Vesicular Transport in Axons
... the postsynaptic sites of a dendrite). Since vesicles are injected from the soma (anterograde transport), one might expect that synapses proximal to the soma would be preferentially supplied with resources. This problem persists even when the stochastic nature of motor transport and delivery of carg ...
... the postsynaptic sites of a dendrite). Since vesicles are injected from the soma (anterograde transport), one might expect that synapses proximal to the soma would be preferentially supplied with resources. This problem persists even when the stochastic nature of motor transport and delivery of carg ...
Neurons - WordPress.com
... • found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. • Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide. • Too little also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping, which ...
... • found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. • Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide. • Too little also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping, which ...
Nervous System Communication
... Synapse • Area where nerve communicates • Transfers message – Another neuron – An effector ...
... Synapse • Area where nerve communicates • Transfers message – Another neuron – An effector ...
I. Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System A. The nervous
... C. Electrical synapses have neurons that are electrically coupled via protein channels and allow direct exchange of ions from cell to cell (p. 407). D. Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters (pp. 407–410; Fig. 11.17). E. Neurotransmitter effects are ...
... C. Electrical synapses have neurons that are electrically coupled via protein channels and allow direct exchange of ions from cell to cell (p. 407). D. Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters (pp. 407–410; Fig. 11.17). E. Neurotransmitter effects are ...
Autonomic_notes
... by by alpha-1 receptors, whose activation causes blood vessel constriction in skin and viscera (but not in skeletal muscle, which has few alpha receptors). Beta-1 receptors on heart make it beat faster/stronger during same stimuli. Beta-2 receptors cause dilation of bronchioles (helps with increased ...
... by by alpha-1 receptors, whose activation causes blood vessel constriction in skin and viscera (but not in skeletal muscle, which has few alpha receptors). Beta-1 receptors on heart make it beat faster/stronger during same stimuli. Beta-2 receptors cause dilation of bronchioles (helps with increased ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.