Chapter 2: Neuroscience
... Consider MS – the myelin sheath breaks down and results in slow communication to the muscles. ...
... Consider MS – the myelin sheath breaks down and results in slow communication to the muscles. ...
UNIT 2: Internal geological agents
... compound called myelin) and microglial cells (defend the neurons against pathogen agents). ...
... compound called myelin) and microglial cells (defend the neurons against pathogen agents). ...
Neurons - World of Teaching
... Sodium ions (Na+) rush into the axon. This neutralizes the negative ions inside. The inside of the axon becomes temporarily (+) while the outside becomes temporarily (-). The reversal of charge is known as “depolarization” Nearby Sodium (Na+) channels open to continue the ...
... Sodium ions (Na+) rush into the axon. This neutralizes the negative ions inside. The inside of the axon becomes temporarily (+) while the outside becomes temporarily (-). The reversal of charge is known as “depolarization” Nearby Sodium (Na+) channels open to continue the ...
Nervous System Chapter 11 Answers
... 15. What is the all-or-nothing phenomenon? An action potential occurs completely, or not at all (THRESHOLD must be reached to open up sodium channels) 16. What variables influence the conduction velocity of a neuron? Axon diameter (Larger diameter results in faster conduction of impulse) Degr ...
... 15. What is the all-or-nothing phenomenon? An action potential occurs completely, or not at all (THRESHOLD must be reached to open up sodium channels) 16. What variables influence the conduction velocity of a neuron? Axon diameter (Larger diameter results in faster conduction of impulse) Degr ...
General Senses Complete
... Interoceptors (visceroceptors): respond to stimuli within the body Are found in the internal organs Include stretch receptors (found in the walls of hollow organs) Propriceptors: respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue cov ...
... Interoceptors (visceroceptors): respond to stimuli within the body Are found in the internal organs Include stretch receptors (found in the walls of hollow organs) Propriceptors: respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue cov ...
Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... The Structure of a Neuron Dendrites-branching fibers that get narrower as they extend from the cell body toward the periphery; information receiver Dendritic spines-short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses Cell body-contains the nucleus and other structures found in mos ...
... The Structure of a Neuron Dendrites-branching fibers that get narrower as they extend from the cell body toward the periphery; information receiver Dendritic spines-short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses Cell body-contains the nucleus and other structures found in mos ...
Excitatory amino acid receptors
... – Cloned subunits = GluRA-D – similar to nicotinic receptor subunits – form pentamers? – GluRB bestows AMPA receptor-like properties ...
... – Cloned subunits = GluRA-D – similar to nicotinic receptor subunits – form pentamers? – GluRB bestows AMPA receptor-like properties ...
PNS/Reflexes
... pain receptors are tonic and do not exhibit peripheral adaptation; but central adaptation can reduce the perception of pain (see below). IV. Adaptation - when you are exposed to a constant stimulus (ex, a scent), your perception of that stimulus can sometimes diminish over time. One of two things ca ...
... pain receptors are tonic and do not exhibit peripheral adaptation; but central adaptation can reduce the perception of pain (see below). IV. Adaptation - when you are exposed to a constant stimulus (ex, a scent), your perception of that stimulus can sometimes diminish over time. One of two things ca ...
Navigating The Nervous System
... a. A nerve impulse travels down the body of the axon, when it reaches the end the tip of the axon secretes a chemical. b. The chemical secreted travels across the gap between the axon and the dendrite of the next neuron. c. This gap is called a synapse. The chemical signal triggers a nerve impulse i ...
... a. A nerve impulse travels down the body of the axon, when it reaches the end the tip of the axon secretes a chemical. b. The chemical secreted travels across the gap between the axon and the dendrite of the next neuron. c. This gap is called a synapse. The chemical signal triggers a nerve impulse i ...
nervous system
... • Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another • There are many, many different types of neurons but most have certain structural and functional characteristics in common: - Cell body (soma) - One or more specialized, slender processes (axons/dendrites) - An input region ( ...
... • Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another • There are many, many different types of neurons but most have certain structural and functional characteristics in common: - Cell body (soma) - One or more specialized, slender processes (axons/dendrites) - An input region ( ...
UNIT 4 – HOMEOSTASIS 8.1 – Human Body Systems and H
... - An action potential cannot cross the synaptic cleft between neurons therefore the nerve impulse is carried across by chemicals called neurotransmitters. - Once an action potential reaches the area of the terminal button, it initiates the following sequence of events. 1) Calcium ions (Ca2+) diffuse ...
... - An action potential cannot cross the synaptic cleft between neurons therefore the nerve impulse is carried across by chemicals called neurotransmitters. - Once an action potential reaches the area of the terminal button, it initiates the following sequence of events. 1) Calcium ions (Ca2+) diffuse ...
Biology 3201 - s3.amazonaws.com
... Sodium ions (Na+) rush into the axon. This neutralizes the negative ions inside. The inside of the axon becomes temporarily (+) while the outside becomes temporarily (-). The reversal of charge is known as “depolarization” Nearby Sodium (Na+) channels open to continue the ...
... Sodium ions (Na+) rush into the axon. This neutralizes the negative ions inside. The inside of the axon becomes temporarily (+) while the outside becomes temporarily (-). The reversal of charge is known as “depolarization” Nearby Sodium (Na+) channels open to continue the ...
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
... v. Effector - Muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse 4. Type of Reflex a. Stretch Reflex i. Stretching the muscle (tapping) activates muscle spindle ii. Muscle spindle excites motor neurons causing the stretched muscle to contract iii. Afferent impulses from the spindle result i ...
... v. Effector - Muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse 4. Type of Reflex a. Stretch Reflex i. Stretching the muscle (tapping) activates muscle spindle ii. Muscle spindle excites motor neurons causing the stretched muscle to contract iii. Afferent impulses from the spindle result i ...
sensory receptors, neuronal circuits for processing information
... These receptors are referred to collectively as low-threshold (or high-sensitivity) mechanoreceptors because even weak mechanical stimulation of the skin induces them to produce action potentials. All low-threshold mechanoreceptors are innervated by relatively large myelinated axons ensuring the rap ...
... These receptors are referred to collectively as low-threshold (or high-sensitivity) mechanoreceptors because even weak mechanical stimulation of the skin induces them to produce action potentials. All low-threshold mechanoreceptors are innervated by relatively large myelinated axons ensuring the rap ...
Origin of Long- Term Memory - Neuromarketing Business Association
... It’s important to remember, that LTP is not a mechanism, but a outcome of the increased activity in two neurons, that result of a increase of APMA receptors, strengthen the synaptic connection, which allows the low frequent action potential a greater depolarization potential - This is the foundation ...
... It’s important to remember, that LTP is not a mechanism, but a outcome of the increased activity in two neurons, that result of a increase of APMA receptors, strengthen the synaptic connection, which allows the low frequent action potential a greater depolarization potential - This is the foundation ...
ANIMAL RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENT
... Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands). The effectors bring about the response. ...
... Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands). The effectors bring about the response. ...
Chapter 49
... In turn transducin activates an enzyme, phosphodiesterase (PDE), that converts cGMP to GMP (cyclogaunosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate). The molecule cGMP is a second messenger. Sodium channels must be bound to cGMP to remain open. PDE detaches cGMP from the sodium channels by hydrolyzi ...
... In turn transducin activates an enzyme, phosphodiesterase (PDE), that converts cGMP to GMP (cyclogaunosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate). The molecule cGMP is a second messenger. Sodium channels must be bound to cGMP to remain open. PDE detaches cGMP from the sodium channels by hydrolyzi ...
Neuron Types, structure and function_PowerPoint
... branches of dendrons are dendrites. Dendrites receive nerve impulses from other neurons. Cell body: cell body of motor neuron is irregular in shape. It contains the nucleus and controls cell activities Axon: nerve fiber that transmit nerve impulses away from cell body. Axons are usually long. Myelin ...
... branches of dendrons are dendrites. Dendrites receive nerve impulses from other neurons. Cell body: cell body of motor neuron is irregular in shape. It contains the nucleus and controls cell activities Axon: nerve fiber that transmit nerve impulses away from cell body. Axons are usually long. Myelin ...
Chapt13 Lecture 13ed Pt 2
... length of the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae. • The spinal cord functions to provide _____________ between the brain and most of the body. • It is the center for ____________. ...
... length of the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae. • The spinal cord functions to provide _____________ between the brain and most of the body. • It is the center for ____________. ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.