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Transistors - University of Toronto Physics
Transistors - University of Toronto Physics

Electricity Basics
Electricity Basics

... on their own) • A difference between energy levels is needed for flow • Electrons flow in a circuit when there is an energy difference from one end of the energy source to the other end of the energy source (like a battery) ...
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... loads hinder the motion of the charge, and this hindrance is called the electrical resistance, R. Resistance is given in ohms (Ω, a capital Greek omega), where an ohm is a volt/amp. Inside a material that has electrical resistance, the kinetic energy of the moving charges is transformed into heat en ...
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... • It cannot “sink” current (draw current from something like a load) • In this example, the transistor turns off when Vin = –4.4 V (Vout = –5.0 V) ...
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Class 20 Kirchhoff`s Rules
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... unknown variables (unless it is given) for every branch  forming the junction.  You may have to assume current  directions.  Make use of the Kirchhoff’s Current Rule and try  to use as little of variables as possible. 2. Mark down “+” and “‐” at the two ends of each component in  the current path, a ...
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... transmitter to display flow, level, pressure, temperature or other parameters. Signal sources such as 1-5mA, 4-20mA or 10-50mA are common in the process industry. For a two-wire transmitter the power supply is usually located in the control room. Since the current loop rides on the power supply it i ...
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... though, that a small change in the voltage across a diode will still generate a small change in its current. That is, if the change in voltage is small enough that the change in current will be proportional to that small voltage change. Thus, even circuits with diodes can use a Thevenin model for sm ...
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... used with low- and medium-voltage transformers and generators with low- or high-resistance grounding used in processing, manufacturing, chemical, pulp and paper, petroleum, and water-treatment facilities. For high-voltage applications, use the SE-330HV. For applications that require conformance to A ...
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TRIAC



TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a genericized tradename for an electronic component that can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor.TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and are closely related to silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices (that is, they can conduct current only in one direction), TRIACs are bidirectional and so allow current in either direction. Another difference from SCRs is that TRIAC current can be enabled by either a positive or negative current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs can be triggered only by positive current into the gate. To create a triggering current, a positive or negative voltage has to be applied to the gate with respect to the MT1 terminal (otherwise known as A1).Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the current drops below a certain threshold called the holding current.The bidirectionality makes TRIACs very convenient switches for alternating-current (AC) circuits, also allowing them to control very large power flows with milliampere-scale gate currents. In addition, applying a trigger pulse at a controlled phase angle in an AC cycle allows control of the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the load (phase control), which is commonly used, for example, in controlling the speed of low-power induction motors, in dimming lamps, and in controlling AC heating resistors.
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