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Bio-Inspired Optimization and Design Bio-inspired
Bio-Inspired Optimization and Design Bio-inspired

Fungi Diversity
Fungi Diversity

... The kingdom Fungi contains four major divisions that were established according to their mode of sexual reproduction. Polyphyletic, unrelated fungi that reproduce without a sexual cycle, are placed for convenience ...
biology - Textbooks Online
biology - Textbooks Online

... reproducing unit’. The great Swedish naturalist Linnaeus (Caroli Linnaei) (1707 - 1778) exerted an important influence on further advancement in taxonomy. Hence he has been called the father of taxonomy. In 1758 he published his famous book, systema naturae. He first introduced the hierarchic system ...
Biology 801A: Human Biology
Biology 801A: Human Biology

... the key themes of sustainable development - such as poverty alleviation, human rights, health, environmental protection, and climate change - into the education system. ESD is a complex and evolving concept and requires learning about these key themes from a social, cultural, environmental, and econ ...
physiological differentiation of vertebrate
physiological differentiation of vertebrate

... characteristic patterns of gigantism or dwarfism (24, 25, 83, 226), but physiological correlates have not been studied. Variation in body size results partly from variation in growth rate, the genetic and physiological bases of which have been well studied in some domestic animals (99, 113, 256). Th ...
Scholarly Interest Report
Scholarly Interest Report

... perception; genetic control of seed development; nanoparticle-plant interactions ...
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design

... much recent attention has been on developmental plasticity – the environmentally induced variability during development within a single genotype. The phenotypic variation expressed by single reproductively mature organisms throughout their life, traditionally the subject of many physiological studie ...
KS3 Biology Complete Course
KS3 Biology Complete Course

... Thank you for purchasing the Echo Education Key Stage 3 Course. This consists of over 140 lessons split over the three sciences: Biology, Chemistry and Physics. It covers all of the material in the National Curriculum for Key Stage 3 and, in school, would be covered over a period of three years from ...
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Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of

... agriculture and engineering. These close inter-relationships fostered by a community sharing a single building help to enhance research activities. 2. Each department and laboratory is fully equipped with the latest facilities, analytical instruments and computers, all for the mutual use and conve ...
Biology Olympiad (NSEB ) 2012
Biology Olympiad (NSEB ) 2012

... (d) 5'AUG CCA UAC GAC UAG 3' [a] UAA stop codon is present in it. In living organisms, mucilage prevents damage to the underlying cells from either acidic or alkaline fluids in contact. This is due to which of the following properties of mucilage ? (a) Hydrophilic nature (b) Viscosity (c) Reducing p ...
Topic 1 Patterns in Nature
Topic 1 Patterns in Nature

... tissues and repair existing tissues. All living organisms carry out similar processes to form the structures that make up their bodies. To carry out these processes, raw materials need to be obtained. The types of raw materials and the way in which these raw materials are obtained differ between liv ...
Squid Dissection
Squid Dissection

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Chapter 3 PDF
Chapter 3 PDF

... They contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specific cellular processes, divide certain molecules into compartments, and help regulate the timing of key events. But the cell is not a random jumble of suspended organelles and molecules. Rather, certain organelles and molecules are anchored to ...
Chapter 3 PDF
Chapter 3 PDF

... They contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specific cellular processes, divide certain molecules into compartments, and help regulate the timing of key events. But the cell is not a random jumble of suspended organelles and molecules. Rather, certain organelles and molecules are anchored to ...
The Effectiveness of Interpretive Trail Guides in a University Setting:
The Effectiveness of Interpretive Trail Guides in a University Setting:

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Frog Dissection
Frog Dissection

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AQA GCSE (9-1)
AQA GCSE (9-1)

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Parasitology Glossary
Parasitology Glossary

... blepharoplast) and covered by a thin sheath of cytoplasm that usually projects from the body of an organism and functions as an organelle of locomotion or when lying in a groove in the cytostome (cytostomal flagellum) causes movement of the fluid medium in a certain direction. In sessile flageolets, ...
The Eco Pyramid
The Eco Pyramid

... continue on living. Herbivores are animals that eat mostly, if not strictly, plant life. Termites,  koalas, field mice, and deer are a few examples of herbivores. Deer feed on leaves and grass,  consuming the green plant life’s energy. To consume means to eat something and absorb its  nutrients for  ...
The Eco Pyramid Reading
The Eco Pyramid Reading

... continue on living. Herbivores are animals that eat mostly, if not strictly, plant life. Termites,  koalas, field mice, and deer are a few examples of herbivores. Deer feed on leaves and grass,  consuming the green plant life’s energy. To consume means to eat something and absorb its  nutrients for  ...
High school students` conceptual understanding of natural selection
High school students` conceptual understanding of natural selection

... Salahedinne, Jamal,& Abdellatif, 2010; Mbajiorgu, Ezechi, & Idoko, 2007). A gene as defined by Hartwell, et al., (2004) is “the basic unit of biological information” (p 13). An organisms’ genetic makeup or genotype will influence survival of an organism and its ability to reproduce. Genetic variatio ...
Rowing locomotion by a stonefly that possesses the ancestral
Rowing locomotion by a stonefly that possesses the ancestral

... caution regarding this interpretation). In addition, the wings of modern insects carry sensilla and chemoreceptors that are present on arthropod appendages (such as the leg exites that are hypothesized to have became gills) but not on the thoracic body wall (Dickinson, Hannaford & Palka, 1997). Toge ...
Your Body`s Systems
Your Body`s Systems

... the system will not function well or may not function at all. These characteristics are true of systems in the human body. The human body is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together—understanding how these parts work help us to understand the whole system. ...
oyster - Narragansett Bay Blog
oyster - Narragansett Bay Blog

... Most begin life as males and then may change over to female  As they grow, proportion of functional females in each size class increases  Females occur in larger (older) animals ...
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Biology



Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition.Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment.
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