CCDR: Volume 40-7, April 3, 2014 (PDF document - 1292
... thorough review of the literature. In addition, the Malaria Subcommittee reviewed all major sources of information on malaria prevention and treatment, including the World Health Organization (8), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (6) and the Health Protection Agency Advisory Committe ...
... thorough review of the literature. In addition, the Malaria Subcommittee reviewed all major sources of information on malaria prevention and treatment, including the World Health Organization (8), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (6) and the Health Protection Agency Advisory Committe ...
Pharmacological Therapy Part 1
... therapeutic range. It is used when the desired therapeutic response is required more quickly than can be achieved with the standard dose. ...
... therapeutic range. It is used when the desired therapeutic response is required more quickly than can be achieved with the standard dose. ...
B cell sub-types following acute malaria and associations with
... of malaria between 12 and 24 months of age was performed, when the effect of acquired immunity was likely to be minimal as an estimate of prior exposure. ...
... of malaria between 12 and 24 months of age was performed, when the effect of acquired immunity was likely to be minimal as an estimate of prior exposure. ...
General Principles of Pharmacology
... » Ex: tetracycline can deposit in bone and teeth → will cause mottling or discoloration of teeth – C. Liver – many drugs accumulate in the liver due to an affinity for hepatic cells » Ex: quinacrine (antimalarial agent) – has higher conc (22,000 times) in the liver than in plasma due to long term ad ...
... » Ex: tetracycline can deposit in bone and teeth → will cause mottling or discoloration of teeth – C. Liver – many drugs accumulate in the liver due to an affinity for hepatic cells » Ex: quinacrine (antimalarial agent) – has higher conc (22,000 times) in the liver than in plasma due to long term ad ...
Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences
... variation is geographic and climatic: these mosquitoes are not found in areas of intense cold or in deserts (Sachs and Malaney 2002). Human exposures are also reduced in areas where mosquitoes spend winter months as eggs or in dormant stages of their life cycle. Exposures may also be reduced in area ...
... variation is geographic and climatic: these mosquitoes are not found in areas of intense cold or in deserts (Sachs and Malaney 2002). Human exposures are also reduced in areas where mosquitoes spend winter months as eggs or in dormant stages of their life cycle. Exposures may also be reduced in area ...
SAD Drugs
... conditions of coverage are not met, then the provider is to place the appropriate GA, GZ or GY code on both the drug and the IV administration code. Claims for J0129 Orencia® and claims for J3590 for Simponi® Aria™ submitted without a KX, GA, GZ or GY modifier on both the drug and IV administration ...
... conditions of coverage are not met, then the provider is to place the appropriate GA, GZ or GY code on both the drug and the IV administration code. Claims for J0129 Orencia® and claims for J3590 for Simponi® Aria™ submitted without a KX, GA, GZ or GY modifier on both the drug and IV administration ...
minority variants (MVs)
... Prevalence and clinical implications of NRTIand NNRTI-associated minority variant drugresistance mutations in ARV-naïve patients with and without transmitted drug resistance ...
... Prevalence and clinical implications of NRTIand NNRTI-associated minority variant drugresistance mutations in ARV-naïve patients with and without transmitted drug resistance ...
Mobile phones improve case detection and management of malaria
... carried out initially to define the demographic information of the population; this was updated every four months. The GIS coordinates of each household were also recorded. Malarial infections were documented through both active and passive surveillance. For active surveillance, a random subset of t ...
... carried out initially to define the demographic information of the population; this was updated every four months. The GIS coordinates of each household were also recorded. Malarial infections were documented through both active and passive surveillance. For active surveillance, a random subset of t ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... Malaria is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world today, in regard to morbidity and mortality, and it is mostly affecting sub Saharan Africa. High priority is put on the development of a vaccine against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which due to its prevalence, virulence an ...
... Malaria is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world today, in regard to morbidity and mortality, and it is mostly affecting sub Saharan Africa. High priority is put on the development of a vaccine against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which due to its prevalence, virulence an ...
Administration of drugs to patients with swallowing difficulties
... alternative route such as an injection. Consideration could also be made to change a medicine to a different drug which has the same pharmacological effects but would be available in an alternative route to oral. When changing formulations, dose equivalencies need to be taken into account eg. phenyt ...
... alternative route such as an injection. Consideration could also be made to change a medicine to a different drug which has the same pharmacological effects but would be available in an alternative route to oral. When changing formulations, dose equivalencies need to be taken into account eg. phenyt ...
Vaccines Against Malaria - Oxford Academic
... challenge by infected mosquitoes were conducted in the mid1970s [5, 8]. Field trials in which efficacy against clinical malaria was measured were conducted in the 1990s with the SPf66 vaccine, a subunit vaccine developed in Columbia that contained sequences from 3 P. falciparum blood-stage antigens a ...
... challenge by infected mosquitoes were conducted in the mid1970s [5, 8]. Field trials in which efficacy against clinical malaria was measured were conducted in the 1990s with the SPf66 vaccine, a subunit vaccine developed in Columbia that contained sequences from 3 P. falciparum blood-stage antigens a ...
Incidence functions and population thresholds
... favoured frequency-dependent transmission for STDs. Since the 1990s, this has been a topic of active research using experimental epidemics, field systems, and epidemiological data. ...
... favoured frequency-dependent transmission for STDs. Since the 1990s, this has been a topic of active research using experimental epidemics, field systems, and epidemiological data. ...
Safety of falciparum malaria diagnostic strategy based on rapid
... on RDT followed by immediate or delayed microscopy reading at first attendance was evaluated in one referral hospital in Switzerland. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the outpatient clinic and emergency ward of University Hospital, covering a period of eight years (1999–2007). The stu ...
... on RDT followed by immediate or delayed microscopy reading at first attendance was evaluated in one referral hospital in Switzerland. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the outpatient clinic and emergency ward of University Hospital, covering a period of eight years (1999–2007). The stu ...
The most important and frequent mode of transmission of
... person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other patientcare activities that require direct personal contact. Directcontact transmission can also occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a s ...
... person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other patientcare activities that require direct personal contact. Directcontact transmission can also occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a s ...
The situation on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy in 2002
... Netherlands, a very low usage was acknowledged. However, the data are collected at the outset, i.e., how much is sold to users. The Copenhagen recommendations state that every member of the European Community should be able to collect data. It is generally agreed that in order to optimise antibiotic ...
... Netherlands, a very low usage was acknowledged. However, the data are collected at the outset, i.e., how much is sold to users. The Copenhagen recommendations state that every member of the European Community should be able to collect data. It is generally agreed that in order to optimise antibiotic ...
Introduction 2 pharma
... • Half –Life of a drug is the time required for the amt of drug in the plasma to decrease to 50% of the level determined at an earlier time. • This is a reflection of the rate of clearance and the rate of metabolism of the drug. • It mainly depends on the volume of the distribution and the clearanc ...
... • Half –Life of a drug is the time required for the amt of drug in the plasma to decrease to 50% of the level determined at an earlier time. • This is a reflection of the rate of clearance and the rate of metabolism of the drug. • It mainly depends on the volume of the distribution and the clearanc ...
Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis
... in the north. If this trend continues, it is likely to reduce the high over-wintering mortality of vectors and new areas will become suitable for transmission. Changes in rainfall patterns are less predictable, although it is likely to become wetter in winter and drier in summer. While it is likely ...
... in the north. If this trend continues, it is likely to reduce the high over-wintering mortality of vectors and new areas will become suitable for transmission. Changes in rainfall patterns are less predictable, although it is likely to become wetter in winter and drier in summer. While it is likely ...
Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications
... consistent and substantial increases in the value of R0, by factors in the range 2 to 4 for vector-borne infections and considerably higher for STDs (Table 1). In the case of the STD study from France (39), only 13% of the adult population had any new sexual partners during 1 year and thus made any ...
... consistent and substantial increases in the value of R0, by factors in the range 2 to 4 for vector-borne infections and considerably higher for STDs (Table 1). In the case of the STD study from France (39), only 13% of the adult population had any new sexual partners during 1 year and thus made any ...
Parenteral Drug Delivery
... the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some protocols include medications for both intrathecal and intravenous administration. Some drugs that can be safely administered intravenously are not safe to administer intrathecally. For example, vinca alkaloids are safely given intravenously, but can be fatal if a ...
... the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some protocols include medications for both intrathecal and intravenous administration. Some drugs that can be safely administered intravenously are not safe to administer intrathecally. For example, vinca alkaloids are safely given intravenously, but can be fatal if a ...
The drug.
... Some drugs, e.g. digoxin, have steep dose-response curves and small increments of dose are more likely to induce augmented (type A) reactions. Other drugs, e.g. antimicrobials, have a tendency to cause allergy and may lead to bizarre (type B) reactions. Ingredients of a formulation, e.g. coloring, f ...
... Some drugs, e.g. digoxin, have steep dose-response curves and small increments of dose are more likely to induce augmented (type A) reactions. Other drugs, e.g. antimicrobials, have a tendency to cause allergy and may lead to bizarre (type B) reactions. Ingredients of a formulation, e.g. coloring, f ...
CH 7 Protozoal and Helminthic Infections
... The treatment of a patient with cerebral malaria is based on specific drug treatment and the early recognition and management of complications. Management of complications includes urgent measures to treat hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, seizures, hypovolaemia, anaemia and acidosis. Because most deaths in c ...
... The treatment of a patient with cerebral malaria is based on specific drug treatment and the early recognition and management of complications. Management of complications includes urgent measures to treat hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, seizures, hypovolaemia, anaemia and acidosis. Because most deaths in c ...
Oral Routes of Administration
... The pH scale measures the acidity of the alkalinity of a substance. pH 7 is neutral (water). Certain drugs are degraded (chemically changed to a less effective form) or destroyed by stomach acid. The absorption of many drugs is affected by the presence of food in the stomach. ...
... The pH scale measures the acidity of the alkalinity of a substance. pH 7 is neutral (water). Certain drugs are degraded (chemically changed to a less effective form) or destroyed by stomach acid. The absorption of many drugs is affected by the presence of food in the stomach. ...
L-Arginine Exacerbates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by
... L-Arginine (L-Arg) is considered an essential amino acid for infants, but not for adults. Recent studies suggested that L-Arg is crucial for the function of host immune cells. L-Arg deprivation induces T cell hypo-responsiveness, defined as a profound reduction in T cell proliferation and reduced CD ...
... L-Arginine (L-Arg) is considered an essential amino acid for infants, but not for adults. Recent studies suggested that L-Arg is crucial for the function of host immune cells. L-Arg deprivation induces T cell hypo-responsiveness, defined as a profound reduction in T cell proliferation and reduced CD ...
Resistance to HIV therapy
... Residual activity is possible despite the presence of extensive resistance (best evidence for the NRTIs) Resistance carries a fitness cost that reduces viral replication ...
... Residual activity is possible despite the presence of extensive resistance (best evidence for the NRTIs) Resistance carries a fitness cost that reduces viral replication ...
NO 01 / M arch 2016 - vOluMe 54 BULLETIN of the NETHERLANDS
... and South America, are prominent examples. Transmission of those three diseases takes place through bites by Aedes mosquitoes, which are present in all tropical and subtropical regions; except for personal protection with repellents and insecticides, no effective preventive measures exist. The emerg ...
... and South America, are prominent examples. Transmission of those three diseases takes place through bites by Aedes mosquitoes, which are present in all tropical and subtropical regions; except for personal protection with repellents and insecticides, no effective preventive measures exist. The emerg ...
Mass drug administration
The administration of drugs to whole populations irrespective of disease status is referred to as mass drug administration (MDA). This article describes the administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations an intervention which has been used as a malaria-control measure for more than 70 years. Recent proposals to eliminate or even to eradicate malaria have led to a renewed interest in mass drug administrations in areas with very high malaria endemicity. Drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of salt. Mass drug administrations were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. MDAs are likely to encourage the spread of drug-resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. They may have a part to play in the management of epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a very short transmission season. In order to reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, MDAs should use more than one drug and, preferably include a drug, such as an artemisinin, which has an effect on gametocytes. MDAs have low acceptance in areas with low malaria endemicity.Another example of mass drug administration is mass deworming of children to remove helminth infections (intestinal worms).