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Pharmacology and Therapeutics: Overall Course Learning
... pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; drug metabolism; and drug-drug interactions; and explain how these fundamental pharmacological properties can influence route of administration, drug action; drug efficacy and potency; drug levels in the body; potential for drug interactions; drug toxicity; and th ...
... pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; drug metabolism; and drug-drug interactions; and explain how these fundamental pharmacological properties can influence route of administration, drug action; drug efficacy and potency; drug levels in the body; potential for drug interactions; drug toxicity; and th ...
Injectable formulations
... hemolysis upon injection. Sometimes it is possible to alleviate these side effects by designing a water-soluble prodrug of the lipophilic water-insoluble drug. However, a prodrug will change the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug. For example, due to the gradual metabolism of the prodrug to form th ...
... hemolysis upon injection. Sometimes it is possible to alleviate these side effects by designing a water-soluble prodrug of the lipophilic water-insoluble drug. However, a prodrug will change the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug. For example, due to the gradual metabolism of the prodrug to form th ...
Pharmacokinetics of strong opioids
... First pass metabolism accounts for a loss of drug concentration as the drug is swallowed, enters the GI tract, then enters hepatic portal system through the portal vein and into the liver before reaching the rest of the body. The liver then metabolizes and only some of the active drug gets into th ...
... First pass metabolism accounts for a loss of drug concentration as the drug is swallowed, enters the GI tract, then enters hepatic portal system through the portal vein and into the liver before reaching the rest of the body. The liver then metabolizes and only some of the active drug gets into th ...
CHEMOTHERAPY
... Inappropriate drug selection or dosage or route of administration . For example: Selection of a bacteriostatic drug for endocarditis. administration of a drug by I.M. to a patient with a weak peripheral circulation ( shock). May result inadequate therapy. Malabsorption of a drug product because of G ...
... Inappropriate drug selection or dosage or route of administration . For example: Selection of a bacteriostatic drug for endocarditis. administration of a drug by I.M. to a patient with a weak peripheral circulation ( shock). May result inadequate therapy. Malabsorption of a drug product because of G ...
Drugs
... What is happening at the synapses during drug use? - Most psychoactive drugs alter transmission of ______________________. There are several methods. For each, indicate if the drug would be an agonist or antagonist. o Block transporters (“reuptake vacuum”) _________________ o Mimic NT ______________ ...
... What is happening at the synapses during drug use? - Most psychoactive drugs alter transmission of ______________________. There are several methods. For each, indicate if the drug would be an agonist or antagonist. o Block transporters (“reuptake vacuum”) _________________ o Mimic NT ______________ ...
Routes of Excretion
... ◦ filters out metabolic products ◦ blood continuously flowing through kidneys factors that influence a substance not being resorbed not lipid soluble ionized ...
... ◦ filters out metabolic products ◦ blood continuously flowing through kidneys factors that influence a substance not being resorbed not lipid soluble ionized ...
Pharmacokinetics
... crosses gut barrier-----must escape liver (first pass metabolism) amount absorbed is bioavailability ...
... crosses gut barrier-----must escape liver (first pass metabolism) amount absorbed is bioavailability ...
Lecture 2
... • Decreased response to same dose with repeated exposure • or more drug needed to achieve same effect • Right-ward shift of D-R curve • Sometimes occurs in an acute dose (e.g. alcohol) • Can develop across drugs (crosstolerance) ...
... • Decreased response to same dose with repeated exposure • or more drug needed to achieve same effect • Right-ward shift of D-R curve • Sometimes occurs in an acute dose (e.g. alcohol) • Can develop across drugs (crosstolerance) ...
What happens when things don`t work out like they were supposed to?
... completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior aut ...
... completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior aut ...
2.exilam details
... 7. It is without doubt that Etizolam is currently one of the most popular research chemicals available on the market. It easily ranks in popularity with compounds like Methoxetamine (MXE) and many bath salt compounds. 8. Etizolam is a sedative, and should never be mixed with other Sedatives or Depre ...
... 7. It is without doubt that Etizolam is currently one of the most popular research chemicals available on the market. It easily ranks in popularity with compounds like Methoxetamine (MXE) and many bath salt compounds. 8. Etizolam is a sedative, and should never be mixed with other Sedatives or Depre ...
Pharmacologic Principles
... • Time from delivery to start of therapeutic effect = Onset of Action • From delivery to maximum therapeutic effect = Peak Effect • Total amount of time therapeutic effect is notable = Duration of Action ...
... • Time from delivery to start of therapeutic effect = Onset of Action • From delivery to maximum therapeutic effect = Peak Effect • Total amount of time therapeutic effect is notable = Duration of Action ...
SECZYL TABLET
... Has a longer terminal elimination half-life (approximately 17 to 29 hours) than commonly used drugs in this class. Secnidazole have a much longer half-life than Metronidazole, allowing single-dose or once daily administration. DOSAGE One day treatment: Secnidazole is given 2 gm as a single dose af ...
... Has a longer terminal elimination half-life (approximately 17 to 29 hours) than commonly used drugs in this class. Secnidazole have a much longer half-life than Metronidazole, allowing single-dose or once daily administration. DOSAGE One day treatment: Secnidazole is given 2 gm as a single dose af ...
RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY
... considered when designing appropriate drug therapy regimen for children. ...
... considered when designing appropriate drug therapy regimen for children. ...
File
... manufacturer is given up to ________________________to manufacture and distribute the new drug. Once the drug is off the patent, other drug companies may manufacture a _____________________________. Generic drugs contain the same active ingredients as the original manufacturer’s drug, in the same st ...
... manufacturer is given up to ________________________to manufacture and distribute the new drug. Once the drug is off the patent, other drug companies may manufacture a _____________________________. Generic drugs contain the same active ingredients as the original manufacturer’s drug, in the same st ...
510-08Pkin - dan
... – Mathematical model encompassing known factors about drug (such as distribution, etc) hypothesized first, then proven (or modified) by real-life observation. – One-compartment model easiest to use, and many drugs follow this scheme. • Assumes a single compartment which is in equilibrium which accou ...
... – Mathematical model encompassing known factors about drug (such as distribution, etc) hypothesized first, then proven (or modified) by real-life observation. – One-compartment model easiest to use, and many drugs follow this scheme. • Assumes a single compartment which is in equilibrium which accou ...
1 PHA 5128 Homework I 1. Hydrocortisone (20 mg) was given by an
... K.L., a 75 kg male smoker with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is to be started on an oral regimen of aminophylline (85% of which is theophylline). The pharmacokinetic parameters for this patient are Vd (0.5 L/kg), CL (80 mL/h/kg) and F (1.0). a. Design an oral dosage regimen of aminophylline ...
... K.L., a 75 kg male smoker with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is to be started on an oral regimen of aminophylline (85% of which is theophylline). The pharmacokinetic parameters for this patient are Vd (0.5 L/kg), CL (80 mL/h/kg) and F (1.0). a. Design an oral dosage regimen of aminophylline ...
1 Thus , Knowledge of physicochemical properties
... covalent bond) it should be ionized in solution. ♦ Administered orally or as suspension , so it possess Oral Bioavailability (considering that not all ...
... covalent bond) it should be ionized in solution. ♦ Administered orally or as suspension , so it possess Oral Bioavailability (considering that not all ...
Life Span Consideration - NAC / CNA Certification Spokane WA
... – Enzyme systems in the liver provide the major pathway for drug metabolism • Liver weight, number of functioning liver cells and liver blood flow decrease with age, therefore metabolism is slower in elderly • Other factors that may affect metabolism include: – Genetics, smoking, diet, gender, liver ...
... – Enzyme systems in the liver provide the major pathway for drug metabolism • Liver weight, number of functioning liver cells and liver blood flow decrease with age, therefore metabolism is slower in elderly • Other factors that may affect metabolism include: – Genetics, smoking, diet, gender, liver ...
Checklist of Information to be Included When Reporting a Clinical
... 6 Eligibility criteria of study participants is described 7 Information about ethical approval of the study and subjects’ consent is provided. 8 Co-administration (or lack thereof) of study drug(s) with other potentially interacting drugs or food within this study is described. 9 Drug preparation an ...
... 6 Eligibility criteria of study participants is described 7 Information about ethical approval of the study and subjects’ consent is provided. 8 Co-administration (or lack thereof) of study drug(s) with other potentially interacting drugs or food within this study is described. 9 Drug preparation an ...
Ethnopharmacology Presentation (powerpoint file)
... • Higher blood levels drug • More adverse effects (such as delirium) • Adverse effects occur at much lower dosages. (Few ethno-pharmacologic studies on SSRIs) ...
... • Higher blood levels drug • More adverse effects (such as delirium) • Adverse effects occur at much lower dosages. (Few ethno-pharmacologic studies on SSRIs) ...
Foundation Knowledge and Skills
... Examples of medications whose levels are measured phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital digoxin gentamicin, tobramycin, vancomycin ...
... Examples of medications whose levels are measured phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital digoxin gentamicin, tobramycin, vancomycin ...
NUR104ModA_000
... The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 Promoted drug education and research into the prevention and treatment of drug dependence, strengthened enforcement authority, established treatment and rehabilitation facilities, and designed schedules or categories for controlled substances. ...
... The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 Promoted drug education and research into the prevention and treatment of drug dependence, strengthened enforcement authority, established treatment and rehabilitation facilities, and designed schedules or categories for controlled substances. ...
Pharmacokinetics
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gráfica_Km.png?width=300)
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.