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... gravity approaches zero? ...
Newton`s Laws
Newton`s Laws

... NEWTON’S SECOND LAW • A force acting on an object will produce an acceleration of the object proportional to the force and in the direction of the applied force – if you double the force that you throw a ball, you will double its acceleration ...
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... In the previous unit a variety of ways by which motion can be described (words, graphs, diagrams, numbers, etc.) were discussed. In this unit (Newton's Laws of Motion), the ways in which motion can be explained will be discussed. Isaac Newton (a 17th century scientist) put forth a variety of laws wh ...
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... object. This path is called a cycloid • The line shows the path of the center of mass of the object • In pure rolling motion, an object rolls without slipping • In such a case, there is a simple relationship between its rotational and translational motions ...
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Newton`s Second Law File

... License. This license gives you permission to copy, share and/or adapt these works, with appropriate attribution, under an identical, similar, or compatible license. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ for more information. ...
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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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