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msc_f_p1b2 - Bhoj University
msc_f_p1b2 - Bhoj University

A review of E infinity theory and the mass spectrum of high energy
A review of E infinity theory and the mass spectrum of high energy

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... bound, while two 3 He atoms are not bound at all. Notice also that the interaction between the atoms is due to the polarization of the electronic cloud, and as consequence the interaction between 4 He-4 He, 3 He-3 He, and 4 He-3 He pairs can be considered to be the same. Keeping this in mind, it is ...
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Techniques and Applications - Angelo Raymond Rossi

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Quantum Symmetric States - UCLA Department of Mathematics

... Since the restriction of ψ̂ to the tail algebra Tψ is a normal state, this is equivalent to its support projection being a minimal projection of ...
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Quantum Chemistry - Eric R. Bittner

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Qubits and Quantum Measurement

pdf - at www.arxiv.org.
pdf - at www.arxiv.org.

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Quantum Field Theory I

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Entropy is in Flux - James Franck Institute

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Non-contextual inequalities and dimensionality Johan Ahrens

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Topological Classification of Insulators and Superconductors

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History of Quantum Mechanics or the Comedy of Errors1 Jean

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What is the Higgs Boson?

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Primitive ontology and quantum state in the GRW matter density theory

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History of Quantum Mechanics or the Comedy of Errors

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energetic particle diffusion in critically balanced

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THE HVZ THEOREM FOR N

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Biolistic transformation of prokaryotes: factors that

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Topological Quantum: Lecture Notes

< 1 ... 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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