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ELEMENTARY PARTICLES OF MAXIMALLY LARGE MASSES
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES OF MAXIMALLY LARGE MASSES

... appears indeed in a natural way a specific mechanism for a system of two particles, which in principle can give rise to a resulting system of arbitrarily small mass. The preceding considerations suffer from one more serious defect: the relations (1) and (3) exist because of the Planck constant, wher ...
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... system is v = N/degeneracy = hcp/eH, where p is the density of electrons. The integer values of v correspond to the socalled integer quantum Hall effect, while the fractional quantum Hall effect corresponds to v = 1/3, 1/5, 2/5, ..., or more generally, to (cf. [3]) ...
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... should become weakly bound with long tails of its wave function extending beyond the well, while all others remain tightly bound. This situation is more appropriately described by a Hartree-Fock-type wave function with N  1 particles in a state 1 and one particle in another state 2 [13,14]. In or ...
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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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