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7. DOMAIN OF VALIDITY OF CLASSICAL THEORY I1x I1px h. (7.1
7. DOMAIN OF VALIDITY OF CLASSICAL THEORY I1x I1px h. (7.1

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... Consider an ensemble of such systems with different Ei We wish to calculate pi = p (Ei) of the system no. of ways in which the reservoir can accommodate energy Ei ...
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... The Bose-Einstein systems are described usually by continuous thermodynamic functions, which are dependent on kinetic energy, temperature and chemical potential, but is independent on the container size and shape (considering the quantum gas with a very large number of identical particles and stored ...
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... momentum that cannot be accounted for by orbital angular momentum alone. • 1924 – Wolfgang Pauli – proposed a new quantum degree of freedom (or quantum number) with two possible values and formulated the Pauli exclusion principle. • 1925 – Ralph Kronig, George Uhlenbeck & Samuel Goudsmit – identifie ...
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... longer formed, so that the wave properties are no longer manifest. Results such as these led Niels Bohr to propose that the type of properties (particle or wave, for example) that we are allowed to attribute to a quantum system depend on the type of observation we make on it. Other solutions to this ...
CHAPTER 14: Elementary Particles
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quarks - UW Canvas

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Summer_Talk_new - University of Toronto, Particle Physics and

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... We now know that atoms contain subatomic particles (protons, neutrons electrons) which are a modification from postulate 5. We are also aware of the existence of isotopes which will have a different atomic weight, but are in fact, the same element which is an amendment to postulate 3. 13. What is th ...
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About Heisenberg`s Uncertainty Principle

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subatomic structure

< 1 ... 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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