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High_intensity_beam_diagnostics_system_(EURISOL)
High_intensity_beam_diagnostics_system_(EURISOL)

... and proton beam intensity up to 1010 protons·s-1·mm-2. Conversion factor of MMD – electrons/particle: ranges from 0.1 (for MIP) to few hundreds (for the fast Heavy Ion), noise – Determined by the connecting cable and readout electronics – ENC: 100 – 500 electrons. Metal detectors are suitable for me ...
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< 1 ... 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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