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Electrostatics
Electrostatics

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Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass - What They Are and

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Molar Mass - Science With Horne

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... •Thus, Rutherford’s 1911 model of the hydrogen atom is flawed: •It is inconsistent with experimental evidence (line spectra). •The model implies that a hydrogen atom consists of an electron circling a proton. As such, the electron would be undergoing constant acceleration due to its constant change ...
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... How Can We Distinguish Between the Two? By measuring another property: the probability of a reaction in different angles. The angular dependency of the steric factor in a nucleofilic charge reaction is examined. The basis set of the direction measurements differentiates between superposition and a ...
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... PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES GENERAL EQUATIONS OF MOTIONS By replacing the external forces by their equivalent force-couple system in which the resultant force acts through the mass center, we may visualize the action of the forces and the corresponding dynamic ...
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... for a minus sign. Thus the same in probabilities, which is why we combine them later. Aside from charge conservation angular momentum conservation and spin conservation are very important in quantum electrodynamics. The particles that we deal with will have spin and will obey conservation of spin an ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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