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Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges and Fields

... *HP: 10. The two pith balls shown each have a mass of 1 g and equal charges. One pith ball is suspended by an insulating string. The other is brought to 3 cm from the suspended ball. The suspended ball is now hanging with the thread forming an angle of 30o with the vertical. The ball is in equilibri ...
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Meson-Baryon and Baryon-Antiharyon Ratios in Two Way Quark

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shp_05 - Columbia University

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particle physics - Columbia University
particle physics - Columbia University

... The experiment entailed balancing the downward gravitational force with the upward buoyant and electric forces on tiny charged droplets of oil suspended between two metal electrodes. Since the density of the oil was known, the droplets' masses, and therefore their gravitational and buoyant forces, c ...
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... That is not the end of the story. The plasma’s positive ions -- being thousands of times heavier than the electrons -- are left behind. This separation of positive and negative charges produces a large electric field, which can be used to accelerate other particles. The region of high electric fiel ...
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... undreamed-of perspective opened up before meIthe whole procedure was an act of despair because a theoretical interpretation had to be found at any price, no matter how high that might be.” ...
Wolfgang Paul - Nobel Lecture
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... directions. The particles will be lost. Whether stability exists depends only on the parameters a and q and not on the initial parameters of the ion motion, e.g. their velocity. Therefore, in an a-q-map there are regions of stability and instability (Fig.2). Only the overlapping region for x and z s ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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