A New Quantum Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization
... it on 10 benchmark problems (unconstrained) given in Table 1. All the test problems are highly multimodal and scalable in nature and are considered to be starting point for checking the credibility of any optimization algorithm. There is not much literature available in which QPSO is used extensive ...
... it on 10 benchmark problems (unconstrained) given in Table 1. All the test problems are highly multimodal and scalable in nature and are considered to be starting point for checking the credibility of any optimization algorithm. There is not much literature available in which QPSO is used extensive ...
The Quantum Hall Effects: Discovery, basic theory and open problems
... Notice that higher mobility leads to discovery of more and more fractional states ...
... Notice that higher mobility leads to discovery of more and more fractional states ...
SPS1: Students will investigate our current understanding of the
... In the _GAS__ phase, atoms and molecules experience their greatest freedom. The forces attracting gas molecules are almost nonexistent. As a result, gas molecules are much farther apart and can move freely about. Finally, ___PLASMA____ are gases that have been so energized that their atoms have been ...
... In the _GAS__ phase, atoms and molecules experience their greatest freedom. The forces attracting gas molecules are almost nonexistent. As a result, gas molecules are much farther apart and can move freely about. Finally, ___PLASMA____ are gases that have been so energized that their atoms have been ...
Chapter4 Nuclear atom - UCF College of Sciences
... and had shown that the radiations from uranium consist of at least two types, which he labeled α and β. He showed, by an experiment similar to that of Thompson, that q /m for the α - particles was half that of the proton. Suspecting that the α particles were double ionized helium, Rutherford in his ...
... and had shown that the radiations from uranium consist of at least two types, which he labeled α and β. He showed, by an experiment similar to that of Thompson, that q /m for the α - particles was half that of the proton. Suspecting that the α particles were double ionized helium, Rutherford in his ...
- Philsci
... theory of nucleons in which it is precisely defined how it is wider and how it contains the description of protons and neutrons, and it is shown what it gives ’more’ then a proton-neutron theory in a physically meaningful way. Actually, this article has a greater ambition. It will give answer to ano ...
... theory of nucleons in which it is precisely defined how it is wider and how it contains the description of protons and neutrons, and it is shown what it gives ’more’ then a proton-neutron theory in a physically meaningful way. Actually, this article has a greater ambition. It will give answer to ano ...
Reverse Engineer Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and the Standard
... concepts. (QM) describes Nature in terms of probability in tiny units – far from the certainties of our everyday world. (GR) describes the geometry of spacetime warped by gravity. If simpler explanations can be found shouldn't they be adopted? The history of physics shows, 'physically realistic' the ...
... concepts. (QM) describes Nature in terms of probability in tiny units – far from the certainties of our everyday world. (GR) describes the geometry of spacetime warped by gravity. If simpler explanations can be found shouldn't they be adopted? The history of physics shows, 'physically realistic' the ...
The Yrast Spectra of Weakly Interacting Bose
... The spectra resulting from repulsive interactions are obtained by inverting those discussed above and the structure of the yrast region involves an analysis of the configurations that would have been those of highest energy in the earlier discussion. It turns out that there are again two distinct co ...
... The spectra resulting from repulsive interactions are obtained by inverting those discussed above and the structure of the yrast region involves an analysis of the configurations that would have been those of highest energy in the earlier discussion. It turns out that there are again two distinct co ...
Particles and Waves Class Questions
... Neutrons and protons are considered to be composed of quarks. (a) (b) ...
... Neutrons and protons are considered to be composed of quarks. (a) (b) ...
doc
... analyse the distance between the lattice planes of graphite that is d 1=213 pm and d2=123 pm. To analyse the inner structure of matter, the bullet particles have to be as small as possible compared to the analysed structure. Light with a wavelength of λ=500 nm e.g. is not appropriate to analyse the ...
... analyse the distance between the lattice planes of graphite that is d 1=213 pm and d2=123 pm. To analyse the inner structure of matter, the bullet particles have to be as small as possible compared to the analysed structure. Light with a wavelength of λ=500 nm e.g. is not appropriate to analyse the ...
Complete Introduction
... The nature of the critical point in a given order-disorder model is still a largely unsettled problem. Apparently, carrying the Kirkwood scheme through some finite order always yields a finite, but discontinuous, specific heat, and a coexistence curve parabolic at the critical point. Actually, in th ...
... The nature of the critical point in a given order-disorder model is still a largely unsettled problem. Apparently, carrying the Kirkwood scheme through some finite order always yields a finite, but discontinuous, specific heat, and a coexistence curve parabolic at the critical point. Actually, in th ...
Introduction to Subatomic
... masses owing to their interactions with a “Higgs field” permeating the universe. Leptons and hadrons can be distinguished experimentally by their modes of interaction. Hadrons are subject to the strong force†† (which binds the nucleus together), while leptons are not. Only six types of lepton are kn ...
... masses owing to their interactions with a “Higgs field” permeating the universe. Leptons and hadrons can be distinguished experimentally by their modes of interaction. Hadrons are subject to the strong force†† (which binds the nucleus together), while leptons are not. Only six types of lepton are kn ...
Rational Quantum Physics R. N. Boyd, Ph. D., USA “There is good
... of the measurement apparatus, and the experiment as a whole. (Speed of light measurements have historically shown variations over time. See, for example, page 436 of Maxwell's “Electricity and Magnetism”.) Though quite markedly obvious, these “anomalous” measurements were apparently completely ignor ...
... of the measurement apparatus, and the experiment as a whole. (Speed of light measurements have historically shown variations over time. See, for example, page 436 of Maxwell's “Electricity and Magnetism”.) Though quite markedly obvious, these “anomalous” measurements were apparently completely ignor ...
Presentazione di PowerPoint
... Cazzaniga took her pupils to a laboratory run by Milan University's physics department. There they took part in their first particle physics experiment to study the tracks left by alpha particles in a cloud chamber. A total of three scientists, six secondary school teachers and seven classes were in ...
... Cazzaniga took her pupils to a laboratory run by Milan University's physics department. There they took part in their first particle physics experiment to study the tracks left by alpha particles in a cloud chamber. A total of three scientists, six secondary school teachers and seven classes were in ...
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.