Receiver Dynamic Range: Part 1
... bandwidth (see Figure 5). These spurs are troublesome because they can cause frequency translation of out-of-band signals into the receiver-tuned frequency band. Receiver phase noise can be measured by connecting a spectrally pure sinusoid to the receiver input and measuring its phase-noise degradat ...
... bandwidth (see Figure 5). These spurs are troublesome because they can cause frequency translation of out-of-band signals into the receiver-tuned frequency band. Receiver phase noise can be measured by connecting a spectrally pure sinusoid to the receiver input and measuring its phase-noise degradat ...
2. Representation of Signals
... Signals may be classified as predictable or as unpredictable, as analog or discrete and of finite or infinite duration. Deterministic signals are defined exactly as a function of time. They can be periodic (such as a sinewave or squarewave) or they can be an aperiodic “one shot” signal. Deterministi ...
... Signals may be classified as predictable or as unpredictable, as analog or discrete and of finite or infinite duration. Deterministic signals are defined exactly as a function of time. They can be periodic (such as a sinewave or squarewave) or they can be an aperiodic “one shot” signal. Deterministi ...
Sinusoids
... • A time delay of 10 ms with a period of 3 ms means that we have delayed the sinusoid three full periods plus 1 ms • A 1 ms delay is 1/3 of a period, with half of a period corresponding to S rad, so a delay of 1/3 period is a phase shift of – 2 e 3 S = – 0.6667S ; agrees with the above analysis ...
... • A time delay of 10 ms with a period of 3 ms means that we have delayed the sinusoid three full periods plus 1 ms • A 1 ms delay is 1/3 of a period, with half of a period corresponding to S rad, so a delay of 1/3 period is a phase shift of – 2 e 3 S = – 0.6667S ; agrees with the above analysis ...
Development of large area rf ion sources for fusion applications
... with a supercusp magnet configuration and using the twoturn antenna (for enhanced power coupling), the electron temperature is reduced to 1.5-2 eV across the whole of the extraction plane. This is expected due to greater confinement of the electrons in the driver region behind the tent filter. Along ...
... with a supercusp magnet configuration and using the twoturn antenna (for enhanced power coupling), the electron temperature is reduced to 1.5-2 eV across the whole of the extraction plane. This is expected due to greater confinement of the electrons in the driver region behind the tent filter. Along ...
(voltage law) kirchhoff`s second law ( loop law)
... potential rises are positive while the potential drops are negative. This law is called as Kirchhoff’s second law or Kirchhoff’s voltage law or Kirchhoff’s loop law. This law is based on the conservation of energy. Let us imagine in a circuit loop the potential difference between the two points at t ...
... potential rises are positive while the potential drops are negative. This law is called as Kirchhoff’s second law or Kirchhoff’s voltage law or Kirchhoff’s loop law. This law is based on the conservation of energy. Let us imagine in a circuit loop the potential difference between the two points at t ...
Ultrasound Physics Volume I
... The value of logarithms becomes clear in Chapter 6 when we discuss the need to compress the enormous dynamic range so that real-time imaging can be achieved. Without a means by which to compress the extraordinary range of signals that return from the body, we would need to use some type of technique ...
... The value of logarithms becomes clear in Chapter 6 when we discuss the need to compress the enormous dynamic range so that real-time imaging can be achieved. Without a means by which to compress the extraordinary range of signals that return from the body, we would need to use some type of technique ...
Design and experiments on series fed conformal
... (LO). However, the usage of conformal array technology in commercial applications is still comparably rare. Recent examples of antenna arrays on curved apertures are typically of circular cylindrical shape and mostly exhibit a weak degree of curvature only [1]. The most commonly used approach for re ...
... (LO). However, the usage of conformal array technology in commercial applications is still comparably rare. Recent examples of antenna arrays on curved apertures are typically of circular cylindrical shape and mostly exhibit a weak degree of curvature only [1]. The most commonly used approach for re ...
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
... frequencies are separated by the minimum amount to maintain orthogonality and have continuous phase when switching from one frequency to another (hence the name minimum shift keying). The advantages of MSK include a better spectral efficiency in most cases. In fact the spectrum of MSK falls off at a ...
... frequencies are separated by the minimum amount to maintain orthogonality and have continuous phase when switching from one frequency to another (hence the name minimum shift keying). The advantages of MSK include a better spectral efficiency in most cases. In fact the spectrum of MSK falls off at a ...
Enhanced Bandwidth Artificial Magnetic Ground Plane for Low
... focus of several studies because of their potential to improve the radiation characteristics of antennas [1], [2]. In [1], it was analytically shown that using materials with high but comparable permeability and permittivity results in wideband miniaturized antennas, while materials with only high p ...
... focus of several studies because of their potential to improve the radiation characteristics of antennas [1], [2]. In [1], it was analytically shown that using materials with high but comparable permeability and permittivity results in wideband miniaturized antennas, while materials with only high p ...
CHAPTER 13 MODULATION 13-1 Chapter 13 MODULATION
... Normal AM stations use an audio bandwidth of about 9 kHz, and the spacing between stations is 9 kHz in Australia. Since this audio bandwidth should require a total bandwidth of at least 18 kHz for each station, how can this work? The sidebands from adjacent AM stations should overlap and hence inter ...
... Normal AM stations use an audio bandwidth of about 9 kHz, and the spacing between stations is 9 kHz in Australia. Since this audio bandwidth should require a total bandwidth of at least 18 kHz for each station, how can this work? The sidebands from adjacent AM stations should overlap and hence inter ...
Technician Question Pool Effective July, 2003
... T1A05 (A) [97.113a4, 97.113e] When is an amateur station authorized to transmit music? A. Amateurs may not transmit music, except as an incidental part of an authorized rebroadcast of space shuttle communications B. Only when the music produces no spurious emissions C. Only when the music is used to ...
... T1A05 (A) [97.113a4, 97.113e] When is an amateur station authorized to transmit music? A. Amateurs may not transmit music, except as an incidental part of an authorized rebroadcast of space shuttle communications B. Only when the music produces no spurious emissions C. Only when the music is used to ...
Introduction To Electronic Communication
... They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D) ...
... They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D) ...
Wulfsberg Electronics - Cobham Aerospace Communications Home
... finding a permanent home in 1997 with Chelton Avionics. Chelton acquired all rights to the design, manufacture, and repair of Wulfsberg FM and AM product lines as well as the AlliedSignal nav/com product line. Vice president and general manager Ron Montgomery smiles and sums up the odyssey this way: ...
... finding a permanent home in 1997 with Chelton Avionics. Chelton acquired all rights to the design, manufacture, and repair of Wulfsberg FM and AM product lines as well as the AlliedSignal nav/com product line. Vice president and general manager Ron Montgomery smiles and sums up the odyssey this way: ...
Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing for Directional Antennas in
... another MAC protocol that does not require additional hardware to identify the directions to specific nodes by comparing the received power from each (sectorized) antenna upon each signal reception. Both RTS and CTS frames are transmitted omnidirectionally in this study. These MAC protocols are simi ...
... another MAC protocol that does not require additional hardware to identify the directions to specific nodes by comparing the received power from each (sectorized) antenna upon each signal reception. Both RTS and CTS frames are transmitted omnidirectionally in this study. These MAC protocols are simi ...
Error Probability for M Signals
... the performance. Different bounds have different complexity of evaluation. This first bound we derive is known as the Gallager bound. We apply this bound to the case of orthogonal signals (for which the true answer is already known). The Gallager bound has the property that when the number of signal ...
... the performance. Different bounds have different complexity of evaluation. This first bound we derive is known as the Gallager bound. We apply this bound to the case of orthogonal signals (for which the true answer is already known). The Gallager bound has the property that when the number of signal ...
Signal Injection Transformers
... transformer seems very suspect and the results are almost guaranteed to be incorrect. Here is how the manufacturers sometimes train us to get wrong answers. In this case, a 60HZ power transformer is recommended for the injection transformer. The application note then suggests twisting the leads ...
... transformer seems very suspect and the results are almost guaranteed to be incorrect. Here is how the manufacturers sometimes train us to get wrong answers. In this case, a 60HZ power transformer is recommended for the injection transformer. The application note then suggests twisting the leads ...
an overview and analysis of ber for three diversity techniques in
... propagation environment results in a large number of sent signal replicas with different attenuation, phase shift, and delay arriving to the receiver input. The superposition of these replicas at the receive side, and the mobility of transmitters and/or receivers, cause time- variability of the rece ...
... propagation environment results in a large number of sent signal replicas with different attenuation, phase shift, and delay arriving to the receiver input. The superposition of these replicas at the receive side, and the mobility of transmitters and/or receivers, cause time- variability of the rece ...
Functional Block Descriptions - VLF Designs specializing in Analog
... The radio transmitters are modified to remove their pre-emphasis networks. An external switching type high efficiency power supply provides power to the driver and final so that the power output of the radio can be controlled. The radio receivers are modified for low distortion in order to prevent i ...
... The radio transmitters are modified to remove their pre-emphasis networks. An external switching type high efficiency power supply provides power to the driver and final so that the power output of the radio can be controlled. The radio receivers are modified for low distortion in order to prevent i ...
The peacock, the sparrow, and the evolution of
... choice of response given signal, respectively) that together comprise a signalling equilibrium. Given a set of possible signals, a signalling equilibrium is simply a pair of signaller and receiver strategies such that neither party gains from unilateral change in strategy [19]. By the definition of ...
... choice of response given signal, respectively) that together comprise a signalling equilibrium. Given a set of possible signals, a signalling equilibrium is simply a pair of signaller and receiver strategies such that neither party gains from unilateral change in strategy [19]. By the definition of ...
Harmonic Radar Tag Design for Tracking the Nezara Viridula
... than the original design for re-radiating second harmonic current • As seen in the previous figure, the radiation pattern is closer to being omni-directional • The input impedance is almost purely real, with a much smaller resistance. One can predict that this will improve power transfer from the lo ...
... than the original design for re-radiating second harmonic current • As seen in the previous figure, the radiation pattern is closer to being omni-directional • The input impedance is almost purely real, with a much smaller resistance. One can predict that this will improve power transfer from the lo ...
Slide 1
... To illustrate this effect, assume a full scale voltage of 10V and that the actual resolution is +/- 4mV (i.e. ∆ = 8mV). When the signal is close to 10V, the peak quantization error is in the neighborhood of (4mV / 10V ) * 100% = ...
... To illustrate this effect, assume a full scale voltage of 10V and that the actual resolution is +/- 4mV (i.e. ∆ = 8mV). When the signal is close to 10V, the peak quantization error is in the neighborhood of (4mV / 10V ) * 100% = ...
HW #8 Solutions
... Problem 6.4 A stationary conducting loop with an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. When the loop is closed, a current of 5 A flows through it. What will the current be if the loop is opened to create a small gap and a 2-Ω resistor is connected across its open ...
... Problem 6.4 A stationary conducting loop with an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. When the loop is closed, a current of 5 A flows through it. What will the current be if the loop is opened to create a small gap and a 2-Ω resistor is connected across its open ...
SUBELEMENT G1 -- COMMISSION`S RULES [6 Exam
... A. In accordance with standard licensee operator principles B. In accordance with good engineering and good amateur practice C. In accordance with station operating practices adopted by the VECs D. In accordance with procedures set forth by the International Amateur Radio Union G1B03 (B) [97.203g] W ...
... A. In accordance with standard licensee operator principles B. In accordance with good engineering and good amateur practice C. In accordance with station operating practices adopted by the VECs D. In accordance with procedures set forth by the International Amateur Radio Union G1B03 (B) [97.203g] W ...
Slide 1
... small All the data was normalized to the range of [0,1] for ease of analyzing and comparison ...
... small All the data was normalized to the range of [0,1] for ease of analyzing and comparison ...
Radio direction finder
A radio direction finder (RDF) is a device for finding the direction, or bearing, to a radio source. The act of measuring the direction is known as radio direction finding or sometimes simply direction finding (DF). Using two or more measurements from different locations, the location of an unknown transmitter can be determined; alternately, using two or more measurements of known transmitters, the location of a vehicle can be determined. RDF is widely used as a radio navigation system, especially with boats and aircraft.RDF systems can be used with any radio source, although the size of the receiver antennas are a function of the wavelength of the signal; very long wavelengths (low frequencies) require very large antennas, and are generally used only on ground-based systems. These wavelengths are nevertheless very useful for marine navigation as they can travel very long distances and ""over the horizon"", which is valuable for ships when the line-of-sight may be only a few tens of kilometres. For aerial use, where the horizon may extend to hundreds of kilometres, higher frequencies can be used, allowing the use of much smaller antennas. An automatic direction finder, often tuned to commercial AM radio broadcasters, is a feature of almost all modern aircraft.For the military, RDF systems are a key component of signals intelligence systems and methodologies. The ability to locate the position of an enemy broadcaster has been invaluable since World War I, and play a key role in World War II's Battle of the Atlantic. It is estimated that the UK's advanced ""huff-duff"" systems were directly or indirectly responsible for 24% of all U-Boats sunk during the war. Modern systems often used phased array antennas to allow rapid beam forming for highly accurate results. These are generally integrated into a wider electronic warfare suite.Several distinct generations of RDF systems have been used over time, following the development of new electronics. Early systems used mechanically rotated antennas that compared signal strengths in different directions, and several electronic versions of the same concept followed. Modern systems use the comparison of phase or doppler techniques which are generally simpler to automate. Modern pseudo-Doppler direction finder systems consist of a number of small antennas fixed to a circular card, with all of the processing occurring in software.Early British radar sets were also referred to as RDF, which was a deception tactic. However, the terminology was not inaccurate; the Chain Home systems used separate omni-directional broadcasters and large RDF receivers to determine the location of the targets.