Amplitude Modulation Fundamentals
... Because complex waveforms such as that shown in Fig. 3-1 are difficult to draw, they are often simplified by representing the high-frequency carrier wave as many equally spaced vertical lines whose amplitudes vary in accordance with a modulating signal, as in Fig. 3-2. This method of representation ...
... Because complex waveforms such as that shown in Fig. 3-1 are difficult to draw, they are often simplified by representing the high-frequency carrier wave as many equally spaced vertical lines whose amplitudes vary in accordance with a modulating signal, as in Fig. 3-2. This method of representation ...
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... 2011 and entitled "Proximity Sensing and Distance Measurement Using EHF Signals"; which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0002] This disclosure relates to systems and methods for EHF communications, including systems and method ...
... 2011 and entitled "Proximity Sensing and Distance Measurement Using EHF Signals"; which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0002] This disclosure relates to systems and methods for EHF communications, including systems and method ...
Lecture15
... CURRENT SOURCES THAT ARE NOT SHARED BY OTHER MESHES (OR LOOPS) SERVE TO DEFINE A MESH (LOOP) CURRENT AND REDUCE THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED EQUATIONS ...
... CURRENT SOURCES THAT ARE NOT SHARED BY OTHER MESHES (OR LOOPS) SERVE TO DEFINE A MESH (LOOP) CURRENT AND REDUCE THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED EQUATIONS ...
Basic Question Bank With Answers and Explanations
... not the Advanced QBwhich would be identified with an "A." The first number identifies the section, and the next numbers define the subsection and the last number is the question within the sub section. The number at the end within the bracket identifies which of the four multiple choice answers is t ...
... not the Advanced QBwhich would be identified with an "A." The first number identifies the section, and the next numbers define the subsection and the last number is the question within the sub section. The number at the end within the bracket identifies which of the four multiple choice answers is t ...
Modulation and Demodulation
... required bandwidth to include the sideband frequencies. If the tuned amplifier has insufficient bandwidth, the upper sideband frequencies may not be reproduced by the radio receiver. Example 16.4. A 2500 kHz carrier is modulated by audio signal with frequency span of 50 − 15000 Hz. What are the freq ...
... required bandwidth to include the sideband frequencies. If the tuned amplifier has insufficient bandwidth, the upper sideband frequencies may not be reproduced by the radio receiver. Example 16.4. A 2500 kHz carrier is modulated by audio signal with frequency span of 50 − 15000 Hz. What are the freq ...
Manual for AM/FM Radio Kit
... second FM IF amplifier is tuned to 10.7MHz (Megahertz) and has a set gain of approximately 20. The 3dB bandwidth of this stage should be approximately 350kHz. Section 8 is the first FM IF amplifier. The first FM IF amplifier is also tuned to 10.7MHz and has a set gain of approximately 10. It also ha ...
... second FM IF amplifier is tuned to 10.7MHz (Megahertz) and has a set gain of approximately 20. The 3dB bandwidth of this stage should be approximately 350kHz. Section 8 is the first FM IF amplifier. The first FM IF amplifier is also tuned to 10.7MHz and has a set gain of approximately 10. It also ha ...
Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo CHAPTER 1 Introduction
... In 1904 John Flemming created the diode, and in 1907 Lee De Forest invented the triode. That year can be considered the birth of electronics, with the triode being the first electronic component used in a circuit for signal amplification. ...
... In 1904 John Flemming created the diode, and in 1907 Lee De Forest invented the triode. That year can be considered the birth of electronics, with the triode being the first electronic component used in a circuit for signal amplification. ...
Aalborg Universitet Integrated Circuit Techniques and Architectures for Beamforming Radio Transmitters
... In order to make efficient use of the allocated spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is specified as a modulation scheme for IEEE 802.11a standard and it has a direct impact on the requirements with respect to the architecture building blocks. OFDM subdivides the carrier into s ...
... In order to make efficient use of the allocated spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is specified as a modulation scheme for IEEE 802.11a standard and it has a direct impact on the requirements with respect to the architecture building blocks. OFDM subdivides the carrier into s ...
Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo
... ±75 kHz. Because of that the FM signal should be drawn much "thicker", but it would result in a black-square-shaped picture. ...
... ±75 kHz. Because of that the FM signal should be drawn much "thicker", but it would result in a black-square-shaped picture. ...
Using Two-Point Modulation To Reduce Synthesizer Problems
... Modulation can be applied to different points within the PLL, such as at the VCO input and at the master oscillator1. When modulation is applied to the input of the VCO, high-frequency content above the loop filter bandwidth of the modulating signal is developed at the VCO output. Low-frequency cont ...
... Modulation can be applied to different points within the PLL, such as at the VCO input and at the master oscillator1. When modulation is applied to the input of the VCO, high-frequency content above the loop filter bandwidth of the modulating signal is developed at the VCO output. Low-frequency cont ...
Analysis of Linear Coaxial Antennas
... using the transmission line analysis in our approach without assuming any attenuation constant of the TEM mode. Fig. 5 shows the field pattern in the plane and our results match well with both the numerical and experimental data in [6] around the main beam pointing in the plane. In the direction, ou ...
... using the transmission line analysis in our approach without assuming any attenuation constant of the TEM mode. Fig. 5 shows the field pattern in the plane and our results match well with both the numerical and experimental data in [6] around the main beam pointing in the plane. In the direction, ou ...
document
... Clearly, the fundamental problem of detector design is to choose the test statistic L 1 y 2 , and to set the decision threshexample, the received signal at a different antenna. Note that old h to achieve good detection performance. These matters (1) is a classical detection problem, which is treated ...
... Clearly, the fundamental problem of detector design is to choose the test statistic L 1 y 2 , and to set the decision threshexample, the received signal at a different antenna. Note that old h to achieve good detection performance. These matters (1) is a classical detection problem, which is treated ...
The Dipole
... and hence the ratio of L to C, larger radius giving lower Q. The loss resistance is primarily due to the resistance of the conductor, which will reduce as the radius increases. In practice, the physical length of the dipole must be reduced to approximately 95% of half a wavelength to appear electric ...
... and hence the ratio of L to C, larger radius giving lower Q. The loss resistance is primarily due to the resistance of the conductor, which will reduce as the radius increases. In practice, the physical length of the dipole must be reduced to approximately 95% of half a wavelength to appear electric ...
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
... In 1946, Kock was first to suggest an artificial dielectric antenna lens [1]. In 1962 rotman and in 1968 smith has presented the work on artificial electric plasma produced using parallel plate and wire media respectively. In 1968, Victor Veselago [2] published the work about the electrodynamics of ...
... In 1946, Kock was first to suggest an artificial dielectric antenna lens [1]. In 1962 rotman and in 1968 smith has presented the work on artificial electric plasma produced using parallel plate and wire media respectively. In 1968, Victor Veselago [2] published the work about the electrodynamics of ...
Microphones
... microphones. There are other types of transducers such as contact pickups that are used on amplified acoustic guitars and similar instruments, and magnetic pickups as typified by electric guitars and basses. In some cases the instrument generates an electrical signal directly as with electronic pian ...
... microphones. There are other types of transducers such as contact pickups that are used on amplified acoustic guitars and similar instruments, and magnetic pickups as typified by electric guitars and basses. In some cases the instrument generates an electrical signal directly as with electronic pian ...
EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF PHASE DIFFERENCE
... process is such that the sampling instant is not a discrete point in time, but the measured signal is integrated by IADC over the aperture time of AD converter [20–27]. The results of phase difference between two real sinusoidal signals determined using the MSAL algorithm, are shown in Table 1. For ...
... process is such that the sampling instant is not a discrete point in time, but the measured signal is integrated by IADC over the aperture time of AD converter [20–27]. The results of phase difference between two real sinusoidal signals determined using the MSAL algorithm, are shown in Table 1. For ...
Introduction to the Oscilloscope
... This write-up describes the operation of the oscilloscope, an instrument you are likely to be using for one or more of your labs. The goal for today is for you to become very comfortable with using the oscilloscope as a measuring device. We suggest below a procedure that will introduce you to the ba ...
... This write-up describes the operation of the oscilloscope, an instrument you are likely to be using for one or more of your labs. The goal for today is for you to become very comfortable with using the oscilloscope as a measuring device. We suggest below a procedure that will introduce you to the ba ...
State-of-the-art and recent advances Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio State-of-the-art
... under-utilized spectral resources has motivated the introduction of cognitive radio. Traditionally, licensed spectrum is allocated over relatively long time periods, and is intended to be used only by licensees. Various measurements of spectrum utilization have shown substantial unused resources in ...
... under-utilized spectral resources has motivated the introduction of cognitive radio. Traditionally, licensed spectrum is allocated over relatively long time periods, and is intended to be used only by licensees. Various measurements of spectrum utilization have shown substantial unused resources in ...
AN-804 Improving A/D Converter Performance Using Dither
... distortion for a very wide dynamic range of signals. Unfortunately, the distortion caused by digitizing an analog signal increases as the signal amplitude decreases, and is especially severe when the signal amplitude is of the same order as the quantizing step. In digital audio applications, for exa ...
... distortion for a very wide dynamic range of signals. Unfortunately, the distortion caused by digitizing an analog signal increases as the signal amplitude decreases, and is especially severe when the signal amplitude is of the same order as the quantizing step. In digital audio applications, for exa ...
Paper-II - UGC NET Online
... by a practical antenna in some direction. An antenna has two bandwidths, both measured between half power points. Because the electro-magnetic waves radiated by the antenna have the electric and magnetic vectors at right angle to each other and the direction of propagation is said to be polarized. S ...
... by a practical antenna in some direction. An antenna has two bandwidths, both measured between half power points. Because the electro-magnetic waves radiated by the antenna have the electric and magnetic vectors at right angle to each other and the direction of propagation is said to be polarized. S ...
Radio direction finder
A radio direction finder (RDF) is a device for finding the direction, or bearing, to a radio source. The act of measuring the direction is known as radio direction finding or sometimes simply direction finding (DF). Using two or more measurements from different locations, the location of an unknown transmitter can be determined; alternately, using two or more measurements of known transmitters, the location of a vehicle can be determined. RDF is widely used as a radio navigation system, especially with boats and aircraft.RDF systems can be used with any radio source, although the size of the receiver antennas are a function of the wavelength of the signal; very long wavelengths (low frequencies) require very large antennas, and are generally used only on ground-based systems. These wavelengths are nevertheless very useful for marine navigation as they can travel very long distances and ""over the horizon"", which is valuable for ships when the line-of-sight may be only a few tens of kilometres. For aerial use, where the horizon may extend to hundreds of kilometres, higher frequencies can be used, allowing the use of much smaller antennas. An automatic direction finder, often tuned to commercial AM radio broadcasters, is a feature of almost all modern aircraft.For the military, RDF systems are a key component of signals intelligence systems and methodologies. The ability to locate the position of an enemy broadcaster has been invaluable since World War I, and play a key role in World War II's Battle of the Atlantic. It is estimated that the UK's advanced ""huff-duff"" systems were directly or indirectly responsible for 24% of all U-Boats sunk during the war. Modern systems often used phased array antennas to allow rapid beam forming for highly accurate results. These are generally integrated into a wider electronic warfare suite.Several distinct generations of RDF systems have been used over time, following the development of new electronics. Early systems used mechanically rotated antennas that compared signal strengths in different directions, and several electronic versions of the same concept followed. Modern systems use the comparison of phase or doppler techniques which are generally simpler to automate. Modern pseudo-Doppler direction finder systems consist of a number of small antennas fixed to a circular card, with all of the processing occurring in software.Early British radar sets were also referred to as RDF, which was a deception tactic. However, the terminology was not inaccurate; the Chain Home systems used separate omni-directional broadcasters and large RDF receivers to determine the location of the targets.