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11.1 Pangaea While looking at a map of the world, have you ever
11.1 Pangaea While looking at a map of the world, have you ever

... heats the rock material of the lower mantle. As it is heated, it expands and becomes less dense. What happens at mid-ocean ridges? The lower mantle rock material rises toward Earth’s surface. Lithospheric plates move apart over the rising part of a convection cell. Basaltic lava is extruded between ...
File - Ms. Oakes Science
File - Ms. Oakes Science

...  Summarize the structure of the Earth, including the layers, the mantle, and core based on the relative position, composition, and density.  Explain how crustal plates and ocean basins are formed, move, and interact using earthquakes, heat flow, and volcanoes to reflect forces within the earth.  ...
File
File

... d) London Protocol ...
Plate tectonics - 2 Subduction Zones Transform Faults
Plate tectonics - 2 Subduction Zones Transform Faults

... earthquake cycle Fault at boundary between plates is “locked” Stress builds up on fault as plates move Stress exceeds strength of fault Fault suddenly slips in an earthquake Plate boundary moves Fault locks again ...
Exam 1 - cloudfront.net
Exam 1 - cloudfront.net

... 25. When two bodies of continental lithosphere are pulled together at a convergent boundary, the result is (a) collision and mountain formation (b) a divergent plate boundary (c) a volcanic island arc (d) subduction ...
Physical Geology
Physical Geology

... Mantle Hot Spots. New basaltic, oceanic crust is generated at divergent plate boundaries. • Sedimentary Rocks are formed along active and passive continental margins from sediments shed from continents • Sedimentary Rocks are formed on continents where a basin forms and sediments accumulate to great ...
The Effects of Plate Movements
The Effects of Plate Movements

... • A plume of hot magma ________ from deep within the _________ pushing up the crust and causing pressure forcing the continent to break and separate. • Lava flows and earthquakes would be seen • When a divergence occurs within a continent it is called _________________ Under the Ocean • Divergence c ...
Mid-Ocean Ridges
Mid-Ocean Ridges

... beneath a less dense continental plate. 2. Deep ocean trenches form where the ocean plate subducts. 3. Coastal mountains from where the less dense continental crust is folded upward. Some of these mountains may form volcanoes. ...
A combination of related parts that interact in an
A combination of related parts that interact in an

... Molten rock material generated within  Earth.   ...
Plate Tectonics - Open Earth Systems
Plate Tectonics - Open Earth Systems

... the crest of ridges represent divergent plate boundaries. • Rift valleys are deep faulted structures found along the axes of divergent plate boundaries. They can develop on the seafloor or on land. • Seafloor spreading process that produces new oceanic lithosphere. ...
Script - FOG - City College of San Francisco
Script - FOG - City College of San Francisco

... To understand the principles of Plate Tectonics, the dynamic surface-altering process that is the source of all the world’s volcanoes, major earthquakes, and major mountains, we have to look more closely at the layers of the Earth, first discussed in the lecture on Earth Formation. Let’s review the ...
Chapter Two Geography of the Ocean Basins Figure 02_02
Chapter Two Geography of the Ocean Basins Figure 02_02

... • He suggested that all continents had been joined in a single supercontinent which he named Pangaea. • He proposed that Pangaea began breaking up 180 million years ago. • At the time, his proposal was not widely accepted; he could not explain HOW this occurred. ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

...  Remember the higher the density the object will sink  Changes in density affect the ocean floor in the same way ...
Unit 2 Review and Solutions
Unit 2 Review and Solutions

... • Buildings are often built out of steel that can bend and contort as an earthquake shakes • Also the foundations of buildings are built on shocks to absorb the shaking • Lastly building are not built out of rigid concrete as they cannot withstand shaking ...
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Quiz 9: Archean Tectonics (Ch. 11) 1. Komatiites are often found in

... 2. Sketch a cross section of dome-and-keel continental structure, and label the diagnostic features. Sketch should include concave-down domes of TTG (granitoids) with concentric deformation fabrics, alternating with synformal belts composed of mafic volcanic rocks and sediments (greenstone belts) ...
Portraying the Earth
Portraying the Earth

... Plate Tectonics • Seafloor Spreading is the Mechanism for Plate Tectonics  As plates move over the asthenosphere, they carry the continents embedded within them This idea was first suggested by a German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1915. He suggested the theory of Continental Drift, based on the ...
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The Active Earth

... convection currents in the Asthenosphere on the continental plates causing them to move small distances over long periods of time in relation to each other. ...
Unit A – Studying Soil Scientifically
Unit A – Studying Soil Scientifically

... 23. Continental Drift – A theory that the continents were attached together in the past, and have been drifting apart ever since. 24. Plates – Large sections of the earth’s surface. 25. Plate Tectonics – The theory that the rigid outer portion of the earth is broken into large separate sections, cal ...
Test - 6th Grade Science Unit 10 Plate Tectonics 14-15
Test - 6th Grade Science Unit 10 Plate Tectonics 14-15

Plate Boundaries - Clinton Public Schools
Plate Boundaries - Clinton Public Schools

... Convergent: Continental to Continental • Two thick continental plates collide – Both have a density that is much lower than the ...
ES 104 key points about tectonics 1. The oceanic ridge system is the
ES 104 key points about tectonics 1. The oceanic ridge system is the

Earth & Space Science PSAE Review Part 2
Earth & Space Science PSAE Review Part 2

... 3. At which of the plate boundaries is an earthquake most common? A. Divergent B. Convergent C. Transform D. Intraplate ...
History in Geography
History in Geography

... continental drift theory was the first step in the development of plate tectonic theory, the foundation ...
Convergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries

... 2. Why do you think people didn't believe continental drift theory when Wagner first explained it? Because he sounded insane 3. Who were the two scientists that brought forth supporting evidence to Wagner's theory, and what was their evidence? Arthur Holmes Harry Hess 4. What are the three different ...
Pieces of a Puzzle
Pieces of a Puzzle

... O An explanation that ties together many hypotheses ...
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Plate tectonics



Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.
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