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Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum: Management
Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum: Management

... the tricuspid valve from multiple views must be obtained to determine the extent of stenosis and regurgitation. The TV diameter z-score by 2D imaging correlates well to the RV size and has long been a standard in helping to determine whether a patient is a candidate for single versus biventricular r ...
Supernormal Phase, and Synchronization
Supernormal Phase, and Synchronization

... specialized tissue within the heart, cannot be settled by the artificial pacemaker with invocardial electrodes in place. The argument is sound that such a heart is not normal and there is injury from the electrodes. Nevertheless, under the conditions of the preparation with an adequate cardiac mecha ...
May13_2008 - National Center for Biomedical Ontology
May13_2008 - National Center for Biomedical Ontology

... transformation from one or more source ontologies to a target application ontology ...
Intravenous magnesium for cardiac arrhythmias: jack of all trades
Intravenous magnesium for cardiac arrhythmias: jack of all trades

... Abstract. Intravenous magnesium has been used to prevent and treat many different types of cardiac arrhythmia. It has diverse electrophysiological actions on the conduction system of the heart; including prolonging sinus node recovery time, and reducing automaticity, atrioventricular nodal conductio ...
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

... In 30-60% of the cases there are malformed vessels between the right ventricular cavity and the coronary arteries, known as ventriculo coronary arterial communications (VCAC, see Figure 2). These malformed vessels may have an intraluminal narrowing, which often occurs at the point of connection betw ...
BE III PG 1-5
BE III PG 1-5

... This article is the third part of a three-pan presentation. The first part discussed the essentials of basic electrocardiography (ECG), such as the physiology of depolarization and repolarization and the anatomy of the heart. The second part discussed the production and interpretation of the electro ...
Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Constrictive Pericarditis
Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Constrictive Pericarditis

... cardial calcification is dependent on the underlying cause of CP and is less commonly encountered in developing nations as the incidence of tuberculous pericarditis has declined. A recent series of 136 patients reported radiographic evidence of pericardial calcification in approximately one third of p ...
Myocardial infarction with Q waves
Myocardial infarction with Q waves

... sinus tachycardia. Blood pressure in the first minutes and hours of MI may increase. With the development of acute vascular insufficiency of blood pressure is reduced, mainly due to systolic BP. ...
Which Is The Appropriate Arrhythmia Burden To Offer RF
Which Is The Appropriate Arrhythmia Burden To Offer RF

... patients59 and the pathophysiology is less well understood. It is often more difficult to determine whether PVCs are a result of reduced LV function or the cause. It is well described that PVCs/NSVTs are a common finding on 24-hour holter recordings in patients with ischemic or dilated cardiomyopath ...
Effects of Allicin on Hypertension and Cardiac Function in Chronic
Effects of Allicin on Hypertension and Cardiac Function in Chronic

... on cardiovascular diseases [7]. Although several reports have suggested that fresh garlic extract has protective actions against cardiovascular disorders, including stroke, coronary artery disease, and hypertension, the precise mechanism responsible for the effects remain to be defined [8–11]. Blood ...
PDF - Circulation Research
PDF - Circulation Research

... Both systolic pressure-volume area (PVA) and force-time integral (FM1) have been used as measures of oxygen consumption per beat (Vo2) in the isolated left ventricle. The reciprocal of the slope of the Vo2-PVA relation has been considered to reflect the chemomechanical energy transduction efficiency ...
Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated
Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated

... an inhibitory influence on the pacemaking activity of the sinoatrial node and produces decreased heart rate. Alternatively, it can be said that the two autonomic branches regulate the lengths of time between consecutive heartbeats, or the interbeat intervals, with faster heart rates corresponding to ...
Left ventricular diastolic function assessed using Doppler
Left ventricular diastolic function assessed using Doppler

... segments.21 22 Maximum left ventricular wall thickness was defined as the greatest thickness in any single segment. A semiquantitative point score of left ventricular hypertrophy (Wigle score) was calculated using a previously described method.5 Peak left ventricular outflow tract flow velocity was ...
DORV DR KSHITIJ
DORV DR KSHITIJ

... Because coarctation of the aorta is commonly observed in this situation, patients may have undergone coarctation repair with a pulmonary artery band  The subsequent procedure is a single stage complete repair with VSD enlargement if restrictive, repair of the VSD to direct the left ventricular blo ...
atrial fibrillation - Heart and Stroke Foundation
atrial fibrillation - Heart and Stroke Foundation

... It doesn’t stop the AF or bring the heart rhythm back to normal, but it usually does improve the symptoms. Medicine you may take every day There are three types of rate control medicine. They can be used alone or in combination: 1. beta blockers, such as atenolol (Tenormin), bisoprolol (Monocor), c ...
The contribution of mitral annular excursion and shape - AJP
The contribution of mitral annular excursion and shape - AJP

... the segments´ area and their incremental excursion. The 3D LV volumes were calculated by tracing the endocardial border in 6 coaxial planes. The AEV (10±2 ml) represented 19±3% of the total LV stroke volume (52±12 ml). The AEV correlated strongly with LV stroke volume (r = 0.73, p<0.05). Peak MA are ...
Helping Your Heart - Patients
Helping Your Heart - Patients

... Besides beating too fast or too slow, the heart can also beat irregularly. For example, one side of the heart may contract sooner than the other side. When this happens, blood and oxygen are not delivered fast enough to the body and the pumping mechanism begins to fail. If blood is not pumped out of ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... Key words: magnetocardiogram,left ventricular overload, single moving dipole ...
Redalyc.Morphologic expression of the left coronary artery in pigs
Redalyc.Morphologic expression of the left coronary artery in pigs

... studies in pig hearts, our work failed to observe the tetrafurcate division of the LCA. This morphologic expression differs slightly from the left coronary irrigation of humans. The LDA ending up at the lower third of the obtuse margin of the heart in 61.5% of the specimens is in disagreement with t ...
Electrical alternansin cardiac tamponade
Electrical alternansin cardiac tamponade

... the present study that in addition to the wellknown 1: 1 or exact alternans a 2: 1 and 3: 1 alternans exist, and both can be either total or ventricular. Furthermore, a varying type of electrical alternans, characterized by marked variation and completely irregular QRS alternation, has been document ...
Systemic vascular resistance: an unreliable index of left
Systemic vascular resistance: an unreliable index of left

... ABSTRACT Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is a frequently used clinical index of left ventricular afterload. However, SVR may not adequately assess left ventricular afterload (i.e., ventricular internal fiber load during systole) since it reflects only peripheral vasomotor tone. In contrast, left ...
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease

... • Personal financial interests in commercial entities that are relevant to my presentation(s) or other faculty roles: • No relevant commercial interests ...
Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular
Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular

... stopped (EX-MI-SED and SED-MI-SED groups, where EX is exercise and SED is sedentary) or continued (EX-MI-EX and SED-MI-EX groups) for a period of 8 wk. Exercise after MI in SED-MI-EX mice had no effect on survival, the area of infarction, and global LV remodeling, but attenuated fibrosis and apoptos ...
Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular
Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular

... stopped (EX-MI-SED and SED-MI-SED groups, where EX is exercise and SED is sedentary) or continued (EX-MI-EX and SED-MI-EX groups) for a period of 8 wk. Exercise after MI in SED-MI-EX mice had no effect on survival, the area of infarction, and global LV remodeling, but attenuated fibrosis and apoptos ...
Echocardiography Evaluation of Ventricular Septal Defect
Echocardiography Evaluation of Ventricular Septal Defect

... • Eisenmenger’s complex now rare • Endocarditis most serious complication. Closure of VSD reduces endocarditis risk by 50%. • May develop left heart dilation, aortic regurgitation, or PHTN as patients age • Need to be aware of double chambered RV, subaortic stenosis. Rarely these can develop even af ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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