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new strategies for treatment of serious
new strategies for treatment of serious

... Atrial fibrillation is recognized by a rapid, irregularly irregular rhythm with upright QRS complexes (supraventricular appearance) in Lead II and (usually) chaotic undulations in the baseline. This rhythm is typically seen with significant cardiac/atrial enlargement in cats and dogs less than 50#. ...
Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Critical Congenital Heart Disease

... 1st AAP recommendation “Critical Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease” (2010) “….identify those newborns with structural heart defects usually associated with hypoxia in the newborn period that could have significant morbidity or mortality early in life …” 2nd AAP recommendation “Critical Cyanotic Cong ...
Cardiovascular Consequences of Obese and Nonobese Obstructive
Cardiovascular Consequences of Obese and Nonobese Obstructive

... There is strong evidence from both animal models37 and human epidemiologic studies that OSA is one of the causative factors in systemic hypertension. Large prospective longitudinal studies help us understand the link between OSA and hypertension (HTN). The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study is a populatio ...
Atrial fibrillation and flutter in primary care
Atrial fibrillation and flutter in primary care

... by physicians or cardiologists because of ...
ischemic heart disease: an overview
ischemic heart disease: an overview

... blood flow and the maximally dilated flow is called maximal or pharmacologic coronary flow reserve. Figure 1 illustrates the effect of increasing degrees of coronary stenosis on maximal coronary flow reserve. There is generally no reduction in maximal flow reserve in a coronary artery containing pla ...
Circulation Research-1954-BARONOFSKY-506-8
Circulation Research-1954-BARONOFSKY-506-8

... myocardium and the intestine without the apparent need for blood by either of these organs. A^ascular channels develop from myocardium to intestine, but the stimulus for this is not apparent, since the blood supply to the intestine was completely normal anatomically. In one of our other animals in w ...
Abnormal left and right coronary‑to‑aortic arch and main and right
Abnormal left and right coronary‑to‑aortic arch and main and right

... genital coronary‑to‑MPA fistulas were found in 0.17%.2 Bicoronary fistulas are rare (0.004% to 0.001% of the cases).2 Small fistulas are often an incidental finding; on the other hand, atyp‑ ical symptoms are common. An exercise test is sometimes of limited value3; in selected patients, scintigraphy ...
Current Perceptions of the Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation
Current Perceptions of the Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation

... Framingham Study data indicate that AF and heart failure often coexist and that each may have an adverse impact on the other.34 The decreased survival rate associated with AF occurs across a wide age range and is partially attributable to the vulnerability of patients who have AF to heart failure. R ...
Effect of Dronedarone on Cardiovascular Events in Atrial Fibrillation
Effect of Dronedarone on Cardiovascular Events in Atrial Fibrillation

... made to amiodarone to produce dronedarone include the removal of iodine and the addition of a methane–sulfonyl group.8 The latter change decreases lipophilicity, thus shortening the half-life (to approximately 24 hours) and reducing accumulation in tissue. These molecular changes were made with the ...
Maintaining Cardiovascular Health in Patients With Mixed
Maintaining Cardiovascular Health in Patients With Mixed

... ■■ Causes and Consequences of Mixed Dyslipidemia: Mitigating Coronary Heart Disease Risk Matthew Ito, PharmD, FCCP, CLS Summary Data from the Framingham Heart Study show a direct relationship between the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) and total serum cholesterol levels. Epidemiologi ...
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

... leaves out some important information. Women and CAD Men are more likely than women to have CAD, but this is true only before a certain age - usually around 65 or so - and this phenomenon is probably due to hormones such ass estrogen. It thought that prior to menopause, female hormones have a protec ...
coronary artery disease
coronary artery disease

... leaves out some important information. Women and CAD Men are more likely than women to have CAD, but this is true only before a certain age - usually around 65 or so - and this phenomenon is probably due to hormones such ass estrogen. It thought that prior to menopause, female hormones have a protec ...
Heart Failure Lecture Series
Heart Failure Lecture Series

... younger age, have more hospital visits due to heart failure, and die from heart failure. People who are overweight. Excess weight puts strain on the heart. Being overweight also increases your risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. These diseases can lead to heart failure. People who have had a ...
Cardiac risk assessment before the use of stimulant medications in
Cardiac risk assessment before the use of stimulant medications in

... et al [16] found that parents of up to 30% of school-age survivors of cardiac surgery reported clinically signifi­ cant scores on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, a standard­ ized instrument for quantification of ADHD symptoms. Hovels-Gurich et al [17] described decreased attention in association with cyan ...
АНТИАНГІНАЛЬНІ (КОРОНАРОАКТИВНІ) ЗАСОБИ
АНТИАНГІНАЛЬНІ (КОРОНАРОАКТИВНІ) ЗАСОБИ

... a hospital emergency department. The patient may need to be hospitalized to prevent a heart attack. ...
Hypothyroidism and Hypertension
Hypothyroidism and Hypertension

... It is apparent from HTMA studies that a synergistic relationship exists between the adrenal and thyroid glands. Typically when thyroid function is decreased, adrenal function follows suit. Conversely, when thyroid function is elevated adrenal activity is also increased. Unfortunately, we often see i ...
Cardiac disorders of the newborn
Cardiac disorders of the newborn

... associated w/ inadequate cardiac output during  euvolemia and the symptoms associated w/ venous  congestions during hypervolemia ...
Mitral Stenosis at Autopsy - JOURNAL of the Louisiana State
Mitral Stenosis at Autopsy - JOURNAL of the Louisiana State

... Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the result of valvular damage caused by an abnormal immune response to group A streptococcal (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes infection, usually during childhood, and typically after pharyngitis.1 Although nearly eradicated in developed nations, RHD continues to be a ma ...
Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris

... Catheterization, Angiography, and Coronary Arteriography • SVD = 2VD = 3VD = 25%. • LML = 5 – 10%. • NL-CAG = 15%. diffuse disease than MI ...
Normal Fetal Circulation and Cardiovascular Adaptations at Birth
Normal Fetal Circulation and Cardiovascular Adaptations at Birth

... –  Wall thickness and mass increases ...
Cardiac Risk of Non-Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac Risk of Non-Cardiac Surgery

... undergoing surgery who are receiving beta blockers to treat angina, symptomatic arrhythmias, hypertension, or other ACC/AHA Class I guideline indications. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. Beta blockers should be given to patients undergoing vascular surgery who are at high cardiac risk owing to the finding ...
Valvular Heart Disease - Developing Anaesthesia
Valvular Heart Disease - Developing Anaesthesia

... presence and severity of MI are independently associated with increased mortality. Functional: The data on the natural history and results of surgery are limited. A precise analysis is difficult because of the limited number of series including small numbers of patients and mixing patients with or w ...
Heart Failure - Akademik Ciamik 2010
Heart Failure - Akademik Ciamik 2010

... – Tricuspid stenosis – Tricuspid regurgitation • Pulmonary valve disease ...
Anatomy Review
Anatomy Review

... – Any pink or blood tinged frothy sputum? ...
Twenty-Year Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery
Twenty-Year Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery

... In the present study, we showed in a large sample of 3939 patients that there are continuing events over the 20 years after coronary surgery. Mortality at 20 years is high. The ability to determine who is at especially high risk was at best moderate, with a C index of 0.63. Variables that have often ...
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Cardiovascular disease



Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs are stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease and venous thrombosis.The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease in question. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable. Prevention of atherosclerosis is by decreasing risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating high blood pressure and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease. The effect of the use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against its use for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, in those who are older it is recommends in some individuals. Treatment of those who have CVD improves outcomes.Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. This is true in all areas of the world except Africa. Together they resulted in 17.3 million deaths (31.5%) in 2013 up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females. Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD. The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world. Disease onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.
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