Plasma Seminar 4/23/07 "Negative Ion Plasmas"
... systems use silane (SiH4) for deposition of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for solar cell fabrication • positive and negative ions are formed: SiH4 + e– SiH3+ + H + 2e– (dissociative ionization) SiH4 + e– SiH3– + H (dissociative attachment) • chemical reactions among the various species then lead to ...
... systems use silane (SiH4) for deposition of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for solar cell fabrication • positive and negative ions are formed: SiH4 + e– SiH3+ + H + 2e– (dissociative ionization) SiH4 + e– SiH3– + H (dissociative attachment) • chemical reactions among the various species then lead to ...
CHAPTER 13: Nuclear Interactions and Applications
... Because neutrons have zero net charge, they interact more easily with nuclei at low energies than do charged particles, because of the Coulomb barrier. This process is called neutron activation and the reaction is called neutron radioactive transfer. The average neutron capture cross section (at ene ...
... Because neutrons have zero net charge, they interact more easily with nuclei at low energies than do charged particles, because of the Coulomb barrier. This process is called neutron activation and the reaction is called neutron radioactive transfer. The average neutron capture cross section (at ene ...
Nuclear reactions: fission and fusion
... it made a more significant contribution. The first reactor to produce electricity was in Idaho, USA, opening in 1951. It produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four light bulbs. Its purpose was not to produce electricity on a commercial sca le but to operate as an ...
... it made a more significant contribution. The first reactor to produce electricity was in Idaho, USA, opening in 1951. It produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four light bulbs. Its purpose was not to produce electricity on a commercial sca le but to operate as an ...
Solution
... 3. Fermi gases in astrophysics. (a) Given M ⊕ = 2 × 1033 g for the mass of the Sun, estimate the number of electrons in the Sun. In a white dwarf star this number of electrons may be ionized and contained in a sphere of radius 2 × 109 cm ; find the Fermi energy of the electrons in electron volts. (b ...
... 3. Fermi gases in astrophysics. (a) Given M ⊕ = 2 × 1033 g for the mass of the Sun, estimate the number of electrons in the Sun. In a white dwarf star this number of electrons may be ionized and contained in a sphere of radius 2 × 109 cm ; find the Fermi energy of the electrons in electron volts. (b ...
Question paper
... Monday 27 June 2011 – Morning Time: 1 hour 35 minutes You do not need any other materials. ...
... Monday 27 June 2011 – Morning Time: 1 hour 35 minutes You do not need any other materials. ...
Stellar Evolution
... Sunlike stars: With a mass between .4 and 4 solar masses, use fusion to combine hydrogen into helium.When they run out of hydrogen (6 trillion to 310 million years), the outer layers of the star expand into a “red giant” while the core contracts and starts to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen. The ...
... Sunlike stars: With a mass between .4 and 4 solar masses, use fusion to combine hydrogen into helium.When they run out of hydrogen (6 trillion to 310 million years), the outer layers of the star expand into a “red giant” while the core contracts and starts to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen. The ...
protostars low mass stars intermediatemass stars red giant planetary
... particles from a star) begins, which stops more matter accumulating. This means that the star’s mass is now stable and will not change. Its mass determines which path it will follow. ...
... particles from a star) begins, which stops more matter accumulating. This means that the star’s mass is now stable and will not change. Its mass determines which path it will follow. ...
The Story of Gold
... and helium (11 H and 42 He) were in existence shortly after the ’Big Bang’. From these beginnings there are a number of processes that combine to synthesise heavy elements from the primordial hydrogen. All of these processes are associated with stars. To obtain elements heavier than hydrogen require ...
... and helium (11 H and 42 He) were in existence shortly after the ’Big Bang’. From these beginnings there are a number of processes that combine to synthesise heavy elements from the primordial hydrogen. All of these processes are associated with stars. To obtain elements heavier than hydrogen require ...
Developing an Efficient Low-Temperature Nuclear Fusion Reactor
... either muon with a longer life time or electron with a heavier mass. However, the electron does not have to be as massive as the muon in order to be captured by the proton. It is sufficient for the electron to be around 2.531 times as massive to be captured by the proton. In the free atom the mass o ...
... either muon with a longer life time or electron with a heavier mass. However, the electron does not have to be as massive as the muon in order to be captured by the proton. It is sufficient for the electron to be around 2.531 times as massive to be captured by the proton. In the free atom the mass o ...
Fusion Reactors – a dream that can never come true
... The speed of the cluster increases drawing energy from inside. The increased speed increases the force towards its center, and so the galaxies require more kinetic energy to counter it, and this is drawn from inside the galaxy, and thus the process of internal energy changing into speed spreads to ...
... The speed of the cluster increases drawing energy from inside. The increased speed increases the force towards its center, and so the galaxies require more kinetic energy to counter it, and this is drawn from inside the galaxy, and thus the process of internal energy changing into speed spreads to ...
We Are All Stardust: Nuclear Physics in the Cosmos
... nuclear force can be felt Probability of a reaction depends very strongly on temperature Only at very high temperatures of a few million K or higher can fusion occur, for typical pressures ...
... nuclear force can be felt Probability of a reaction depends very strongly on temperature Only at very high temperatures of a few million K or higher can fusion occur, for typical pressures ...
Notes: Stellar Nucleosynthesis
... • Begins when two 1H atoms fuse into 2H • positron and neutrino released (energy!) ...
... • Begins when two 1H atoms fuse into 2H • positron and neutrino released (energy!) ...
New Theory of Nuclear Fusion Processes in Sun and other
... gas phases will escape into the space(In the form of H, He and Methane gas) as the star cools leaving little amounts of these elements left mostly combined with other elements on the cooling planet. ...
... gas phases will escape into the space(In the form of H, He and Methane gas) as the star cools leaving little amounts of these elements left mostly combined with other elements on the cooling planet. ...
The Sun - www .alexandria .k12 .mn .us
... • Nuclear fusion involves light atomic nuclei fusing together to form heavier ones. • This process releases huge amounts of energy - each second, the Sun produces 4 x 1026 joules of energy! • It would take 2000 million nuclear power plants a whole year to produce the same amount of energy ...
... • Nuclear fusion involves light atomic nuclei fusing together to form heavier ones. • This process releases huge amounts of energy - each second, the Sun produces 4 x 1026 joules of energy! • It would take 2000 million nuclear power plants a whole year to produce the same amount of energy ...
Document
... S(E) is a slowly varying function determined by the nuclear physics of the reaction 1/E introduced to account for low energy behaviour ...
... S(E) is a slowly varying function determined by the nuclear physics of the reaction 1/E introduced to account for low energy behaviour ...
Fusion or Fission
... nuclear waste products are created in the process. This is a problem, as many nuclear power plants use fission to produce energy, producing a lot of radioactive byproducts as a result. 4 Conversely, in fusion reactions, the nuclei from atoms with low atomic weights combine to create heavier nuclei. ...
... nuclear waste products are created in the process. This is a problem, as many nuclear power plants use fission to produce energy, producing a lot of radioactive byproducts as a result. 4 Conversely, in fusion reactions, the nuclei from atoms with low atomic weights combine to create heavier nuclei. ...
Lecture 1
... More massive white dwarfs are smaller. The weight on top pushes the atoms closer together, making the star smaller. ...
... More massive white dwarfs are smaller. The weight on top pushes the atoms closer together, making the star smaller. ...
Explaining Cold Fusion
... been converted to energy and the two nuclei become a single nucleus. The photons have a range of energies, with most of them being absorbed by the apparatus. The electrons have a high probability in the Hydroton structure of being located between the nuclei, thereby reducing the Coulomb barrier. As ...
... been converted to energy and the two nuclei become a single nucleus. The photons have a range of energies, with most of them being absorbed by the apparatus. The electrons have a high probability in the Hydroton structure of being located between the nuclei, thereby reducing the Coulomb barrier. As ...
File
... What four things can be determined by analyzing a star’s spectrograph? 1. the amount of elements present 2. temperature 3. density 4. pressure What percent of the sun’s mass is hydrogen? ...
... What four things can be determined by analyzing a star’s spectrograph? 1. the amount of elements present 2. temperature 3. density 4. pressure What percent of the sun’s mass is hydrogen? ...
N.2 Formation of Mass
... • Helium forms -- Eventually two protons and two neutrons were attracted to each other via strong force and helium nuclei were formed. • Lithium forms: Three protons & three neutrons come together become lithium ...
... • Helium forms -- Eventually two protons and two neutrons were attracted to each other via strong force and helium nuclei were formed. • Lithium forms: Three protons & three neutrons come together become lithium ...
Star Cycle Notes
... When a star runs out of fuel, nuclear fusion stops, and the outward force on the star is reduced. The force of gravity now pulls the star inward and the star becomes smaller (collapses). As the star collapses, the particles within the star (now mostly helium) heat up and get squeezed so tightly they ...
... When a star runs out of fuel, nuclear fusion stops, and the outward force on the star is reduced. The force of gravity now pulls the star inward and the star becomes smaller (collapses). As the star collapses, the particles within the star (now mostly helium) heat up and get squeezed so tightly they ...
Document
... Many elements have different types of atoms, each with different numbers of neutrons. Each type is called an isotope. Hydrogen has 3 isotopes: H-1, H-2 and H-3. ...
... Many elements have different types of atoms, each with different numbers of neutrons. Each type is called an isotope. Hydrogen has 3 isotopes: H-1, H-2 and H-3. ...
Fusor
A fusor is a device that uses an electric field to heat ions to conditions suitable for nuclear fusion. The machine has a voltage between two metal cages inside a vacuum. Positive ions fall down this voltage drop, building up speed. If they collide in the center, they can fuse. This is a type of Inertial electrostatic confinement device.A Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor is the most common type of fusor. This design came from work by Philo T. Farnsworth (in 1964) and Robert L. Hirsch in 1967. A variant of fusor had been proposed previously by William Elmore, James L. Tuck, and Ken Watson at the Los Alamos National Laboratory though they never built the machine.Fusors have been built by various institutions. These include academic institutions such as the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and government entities, such as the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran and the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority. Fusors have also been developed commercially, as sources for neutrons by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace and as a method for generating medical isotopes. Fusors have also become very popular for hobbyists and amateurs. A growing number of amateurs have performed nuclear fusion using simple fusor machines.