Energy conservation and Poynting`s theorem
... volume V, and l and are, respectively, the permeability and permittivity. In Poynting’s words, Eq. (1) means that “we must no longer consider a current as something conveying energy along the conductor. A current in a conductor is rather to be regarded as consisting essentially of a convergence of ...
... volume V, and l and are, respectively, the permeability and permittivity. In Poynting’s words, Eq. (1) means that “we must no longer consider a current as something conveying energy along the conductor. A current in a conductor is rather to be regarded as consisting essentially of a convergence of ...
The Exact Solution of Nonlinear Stress
... the sun has a cycle that repeats half every 11 years. During which the structure of the magnetic field dramatically varies. At the beginning of the cycle, the line of magnetic force runs north and south between the sun’s magnetic poles. This is the ...
... the sun has a cycle that repeats half every 11 years. During which the structure of the magnetic field dramatically varies. At the beginning of the cycle, the line of magnetic force runs north and south between the sun’s magnetic poles. This is the ...
Lecture 24. Degenerate Fermi Gas (Ch. 7)
... Why can we treat this dense gas as ideal? Indeed, the Coulomb interactions between electrons at this density must be extremely strong, and in a a solid, the electrons move in the strong electric fields of the positive ions. The first objection is addressed by the Landau’s Fermi liquid theory. The an ...
... Why can we treat this dense gas as ideal? Indeed, the Coulomb interactions between electrons at this density must be extremely strong, and in a a solid, the electrons move in the strong electric fields of the positive ions. The first objection is addressed by the Landau’s Fermi liquid theory. The an ...
Truths and Consequences of Ionizing Radiation: New Science
... • Precipitation loss is sometimes dominant loss process; other times it is small in comparison to catastrophic losses to magnetopause – ...
... • Precipitation loss is sometimes dominant loss process; other times it is small in comparison to catastrophic losses to magnetopause – ...
model the Earth`s and Sun`s magnetic fields using a
... 3. Explain to students that a magnaprobe is a magnetic field detector. It can be used to trace a magnetic field in three-dimensions as well as show us the direction of magnetic poles in magnets. Tell them they will be using cow magnets and magnaprobes during the activity to investigate the magnetic ...
... 3. Explain to students that a magnaprobe is a magnetic field detector. It can be used to trace a magnetic field in three-dimensions as well as show us the direction of magnetic poles in magnets. Tell them they will be using cow magnets and magnaprobes during the activity to investigate the magnetic ...
Low-energy charged particle measurement by MAP-PACE onboard SELENE
... inside the mass analyzer and their positions are detected by one-dimensional circular resistive anode that is placed behind the MCP. These start electrons also generate start signals when they pass through a grid anode that is placed between the position-sensitive anode and the MCP. Most of the ions ...
... inside the mass analyzer and their positions are detected by one-dimensional circular resistive anode that is placed behind the MCP. These start electrons also generate start signals when they pass through a grid anode that is placed between the position-sensitive anode and the MCP. Most of the ions ...
Improved period of a slowly rotating cool magnetic CP star HD 188041
... found P = (224.3 ± 0.5) d. Mathys (1991) found a slightly shorter period P = (224.0 ± 0.2) d when he added his four new magnetic observations to older ones. A still shorter photometric period was derived by Hensberge (1993) from ESO photometry (Manfroid et al. 1991, Sterken et al. 1993), P = (223.9 ...
... found P = (224.3 ± 0.5) d. Mathys (1991) found a slightly shorter period P = (224.0 ± 0.2) d when he added his four new magnetic observations to older ones. A still shorter photometric period was derived by Hensberge (1993) from ESO photometry (Manfroid et al. 1991, Sterken et al. 1993), P = (223.9 ...
Abstract Model and parameters Mesoscopic system Macroscopic
... The main difference between the mesoscopic system with a parabolic in-plane confinement and an infinite system are finite size effects which are related to the rotational symmetry instead of translational symmetry. In contrast to the trapped system, in the macroscopic system the average particle den ...
... The main difference between the mesoscopic system with a parabolic in-plane confinement and an infinite system are finite size effects which are related to the rotational symmetry instead of translational symmetry. In contrast to the trapped system, in the macroscopic system the average particle den ...
Microsoft Word - LifeCycleInteractive
... in the star is decreased, then gravity will now be stronger than the gas pressure. 1 Nuclear Fusion This results in an unstable star. What should happen next? 2 Out of Fuel Fusion Stops 18. The3star’s core has contracted. That means that density has increased, and the atoms are closer 4 Core togethe ...
... in the star is decreased, then gravity will now be stronger than the gas pressure. 1 Nuclear Fusion This results in an unstable star. What should happen next? 2 Out of Fuel Fusion Stops 18. The3star’s core has contracted. That means that density has increased, and the atoms are closer 4 Core togethe ...
solar photosphere and chromosphere
... • temperature rise to high coronal values only possible with non-radiative energy supply • most energy is needed for chromospheric heating • dynamics: convection – waves – dynamic magnetic fields • more descriptive than theoretical presentation (see references and other lectures) ...
... • temperature rise to high coronal values only possible with non-radiative energy supply • most energy is needed for chromospheric heating • dynamics: convection – waves – dynamic magnetic fields • more descriptive than theoretical presentation (see references and other lectures) ...
Shell supernova remnants as cosmic accelerators: I Stephen Reynolds, North Carolina State University
... Residence time: CR radioactive nuclei (e.g., 10Be) ⇒ ages ~ 20 Myr Galactic volume ~ 1067 cm3 ⇒ require ~ 1041 J/yr to replenish CR's. SN rate ~ 2/century (except where are their remnants??) ⇒ need ~ 10% of SN energy into cosmic rays (primarily ions). Electrons: ~ 2% of energy in ions (st ...
... Residence time: CR radioactive nuclei (e.g., 10Be) ⇒ ages ~ 20 Myr Galactic volume ~ 1067 cm3 ⇒ require ~ 1041 J/yr to replenish CR's. SN rate ~ 2/century (except where are their remnants??) ⇒ need ~ 10% of SN energy into cosmic rays (primarily ions). Electrons: ~ 2% of energy in ions (st ...
Simultaneous observation of the electron acceleration and ion deceleration
... for protons and alpha particles, and it was nearly the same as the acceleration of the solar wind electrons E. This indicates the existence of a static electric field over the dayside magnetic anomaly above the Kaguya altitude. Figure 6 shows the velocity moments of electrons and ions during the sa ...
... for protons and alpha particles, and it was nearly the same as the acceleration of the solar wind electrons E. This indicates the existence of a static electric field over the dayside magnetic anomaly above the Kaguya altitude. Figure 6 shows the velocity moments of electrons and ions during the sa ...
Written Transcript of this video lesson
... Welcome again. You must have concluded that if we keep on rising the temperature of gas, it will change into a new state of matter... Yes a new state of matter!!! It is the fourth state of matter which is called “Plasma”. As we know, the gas atoms contain equal number of positive and negative charge ...
... Welcome again. You must have concluded that if we keep on rising the temperature of gas, it will change into a new state of matter... Yes a new state of matter!!! It is the fourth state of matter which is called “Plasma”. As we know, the gas atoms contain equal number of positive and negative charge ...
Radio and X-ray signatures of merging neutron stars
... the form of low frequency electromagnetic waves. Unlike the equivalent situation for pulsars, where the density of the secondary plasma is low, these low frequency electromagnetic waves may not be able to propagate through the dense secondary plasma present in the `magnetarsphere' ± they will conver ...
... the form of low frequency electromagnetic waves. Unlike the equivalent situation for pulsars, where the density of the secondary plasma is low, these low frequency electromagnetic waves may not be able to propagate through the dense secondary plasma present in the `magnetarsphere' ± they will conver ...
Longitudinal Asymmetry of the Jovian Magnetosphere
... interplanetary space.Thus although the particlesescapeprinWe propose that the observed 10-hour variations in ener- cipally on the night side of Jupiter, they may be observedon geticparticle fluxesobservedboth in the magnetosphereand in the day side on interplanetary field lines that connect to the i ...
... interplanetary space.Thus although the particlesescapeprinWe propose that the observed 10-hour variations in ener- cipally on the night side of Jupiter, they may be observedon geticparticle fluxesobservedboth in the magnetosphereand in the day side on interplanetary field lines that connect to the i ...
Electron Firehose instability and acceleration of electrons in solar
... about 1036 electrons per second in order to sustain the observed intensity of the hard X-ray bursts. Taking the impulsive phase of a flare to last about 10s and assuming an electron density of about 1010 cm−3 (Moore &Fung 1972; Vaiana & Rosner 1978), the bulk energization must process a coronal volu ...
... about 1036 electrons per second in order to sustain the observed intensity of the hard X-ray bursts. Taking the impulsive phase of a flare to last about 10s and assuming an electron density of about 1010 cm−3 (Moore &Fung 1972; Vaiana & Rosner 1978), the bulk energization must process a coronal volu ...
Particle precipitation influence in the conductivity of the auroral
... However, this physical concept is significantly limited by the practical procedures and assumptions to construct a global model and the average statistical models do not accurately describe an instantaneous ionosphere and errors as large as a factor of 2 can be expected. A better statistical model o ...
... However, this physical concept is significantly limited by the practical procedures and assumptions to construct a global model and the average statistical models do not accurately describe an instantaneous ionosphere and errors as large as a factor of 2 can be expected. A better statistical model o ...
681_1.pdf
... boundaries (defined by a consensus of signatures) and enhanced Fe charge states, Figure 4(b) summarizes the locations of intervals with Fe≥16+/Fetot ≥ 0.1 relative to the ICME boundaries, normalized to the ICME duration (i.e., 0 corresponds to the ICME leading edge, and 1 to the trailing edge). The ...
... boundaries (defined by a consensus of signatures) and enhanced Fe charge states, Figure 4(b) summarizes the locations of intervals with Fe≥16+/Fetot ≥ 0.1 relative to the ICME boundaries, normalized to the ICME duration (i.e., 0 corresponds to the ICME leading edge, and 1 to the trailing edge). The ...
ah-quanta-summary notes problems-2015
... We lose the interference effect and simply obtain a pattern for particles passing through two slits. We would get the same pattern if we switched on detector B instead of detector A or if we switched on both detectors. It seems if we ask the question ‘Where is the photon?’ or ‘Which slit does the p ...
... We lose the interference effect and simply obtain a pattern for particles passing through two slits. We would get the same pattern if we switched on detector B instead of detector A or if we switched on both detectors. It seems if we ask the question ‘Where is the photon?’ or ‘Which slit does the p ...
Chapter 6 Coupling between the ionosphere and the
... evening sector. It is connected to a downward field-aligned current in the south and to an upward field-aliged current in the north. In the morning sector the currents flow in opposite directions.q A downward field-aligned current flows at the polar cap boundary. It is divided into a current flowing ...
... evening sector. It is connected to a downward field-aligned current in the south and to an upward field-aliged current in the north. In the morning sector the currents flow in opposite directions.q A downward field-aligned current flows at the polar cap boundary. It is divided into a current flowing ...
The Properties of Reconnection Current Sheets in GRMHD
... which specifies the ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure. Here, ρ, n, and T are the mass density, number density, and temperature of the plasma particles, respectively. Another important quantity to consider for magnetic reconnection is the magnitude and direction, if present, of the so-called ...
... which specifies the ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure. Here, ρ, n, and T are the mass density, number density, and temperature of the plasma particles, respectively. Another important quantity to consider for magnetic reconnection is the magnitude and direction, if present, of the so-called ...
Friday April 21 , h 08:45, Polo Scientifico Tecnologico Fabio Ferrari
... Depending on the embedding applied to a time series, distinct vector distance distributions arise: characterising the mutual relation between these distributions by means of their Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic is the first step towards a possible objective criterion for optimal embedding. ...
... Depending on the embedding applied to a time series, distinct vector distance distributions arise: characterising the mutual relation between these distributions by means of their Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic is the first step towards a possible objective criterion for optimal embedding. ...
Studies on post-flare loop prominence of 1981 April 27
... increased gradually in height, the footpoints of the loop separated from each other with a velocity of several kilometers per second. Figure 2 shows the location of the hard X-ray double sources at 07 : 56 UT with unbalanced intensities of this event over the limb of the Sun. This data was obtained ...
... increased gradually in height, the footpoints of the loop separated from each other with a velocity of several kilometers per second. Figure 2 shows the location of the hard X-ray double sources at 07 : 56 UT with unbalanced intensities of this event over the limb of the Sun. This data was obtained ...
Polywell
The polywell is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that uses an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. It is closely related to the magnetic mirror, the fusor, the biconic cusp and the high beta fusion reactor. A set of electromagnets generates a magnetic field which traps electrons. This creates a negative voltage, which attracts positive ions. As the ions accelerate towards the negative center, their kinetic energy rises. If the ions collide in the center, they can fuse.The polywell is one of many devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. This branch of fusion research is known as inertial electrostatic confinement. The polywell was developed by Robert Bussard, as an improvement over the fusor. His company, EMC2, Inc., developed the initial devices for the U.S. Navy.