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Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in
Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in

... similar vein, both neofunctionalization and EAC require positive natural selection, although for neofunctionalization this selection need only influence one of the two duplicate genes. Consequently, the EAC model has the greatest number of conditions that must be met, and because of this it may occu ...
Genetics and Behaviour I
Genetics and Behaviour I

... “The way in which behaviour contributes to survival and reproduction depends on ecology” Krebs and Davies (1993) ...
Modes of selection: directional, balancing and disruptive RR Rr rr
Modes of selection: directional, balancing and disruptive RR Rr rr

... Directional selection replaces one allele with another (fitter) allele. At equilibrium the population is monomorphic (fixed) for the fittest allele. Balancing selection prevents the loss of two or more alleles at a locus, by increasing the marginal fitness of each allele as it becomes rarer. There a ...
VI. Levels of Selection
VI. Levels of Selection

... 3. 'Selfish' Genes (Richard Dawkins) - genes are the fundamental replicators - genes which confer an advantage, when averaged across other genetic backgrounds, will be selected for. Analogy of 'crews') - co-adaptive assemblages and non-additive effects are not explained ...
Evolution by Natural Selection
Evolution by Natural Selection

... N am e/H r: _________________________   ...
Populations - George Mason University
Populations - George Mason University

... – study of structures that appear during development of different organisms – closely related organisms often have similar stages in their embryonic development • one sign that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor – all of them have an embryonic stage in which structures called gill pouches ap ...
Genomic and Functional Approaches to Genetic Adaptation
Genomic and Functional Approaches to Genetic Adaptation

... of a population genomics approach are that loci are independent, drift influences all loci equally, and selection is strong enough to pull individual loci out into the tail of the empirical distribution. It is important to note that simply occurring in the tail of an empirical distribution does not ...
How Populations Evolve - Mrs. Ford MHS Biology
How Populations Evolve - Mrs. Ford MHS Biology

... The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a population is evolving o Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population. o Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change. o Similarly, if you shuffle a deck of ca ...
The founder effect
The founder effect

... gametes during sexual reproduction ...
NOTES: Natural Selection
NOTES: Natural Selection

... If the environment stays the same, then natural selection favors organisms with certain adaptations.  Organisms with these adaptations (traits) survive and reproduce.  Organisms that do not possess these traits may not survive long enough to reproduce.  The population adjusts to the environment o ...
AACL BIOFLUX
AACL BIOFLUX

... The small and thinly distributed blond melanophores naturally contain less melanin than the larger wild type. So blond is not a mutation directly affecting melanin sythesis. It is because the melanophores are so small in size and number that blond guppies look less dark than their wildtype counterpa ...
EA3407770B396A1469256F2D0027A4A8
EA3407770B396A1469256F2D0027A4A8

... Territory but to allow pre-existing research trials to continue in honouring prior arrangements to do so. In terms of agricultural crops, some of the possible risks include the potential impact on traditional or organic crops; the possible effect on insect resistant crops or non-target insects such ...
Three evolvability requirements for open-ended
Three evolvability requirements for open-ended

... Adaptation Genetic Algorithm’ (SAGA) theory (Harvey 1992) addresses this issue. In this paradigm a population evolves for many thousands of generations, with gradual changes in genotype information content. The population should be nearly converged, evolving as species. Therefore the fitness landsca ...
ERF/AP2 Subfamily A3 and ER/AP2 Subfamily A6 Genes
ERF/AP2 Subfamily A3 and ER/AP2 Subfamily A6 Genes

... Enough plants were screened T-DNA was not inserted into the gene Fatality of knockout to seed development is inconclusive No further analysis can be done on these plants ...
Introduction to GeneBreak
Introduction to GeneBreak

... The GeneBreak package aims to systematically identify genes recurrently affected by copy number aberration-associated breakpoint locations that indicate underlying DNA breaks and thereby genes involved in structural variants. This is a short tutorial on how to use the GeneBreak package. It describes ...
Document
Document

... parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 within populations living in Garbanzo fields and thus exposed to seasonal insecticide application. Additional r ...
genes associated with production and health in farm animals
genes associated with production and health in farm animals

... of PrP genes in different species, i.e. in the amino acid composition of proteins encoded by them, the more difficult it is to transmit infection to another species via the prion protein. For cattle and humans, the difference is as much as 30 codons (Carlson et al., 1988). In the encoding fragment of ...
Gene flow and genetic differentiation
Gene flow and genetic differentiation

... parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 within populations living in Garbanzo fields and thus exposed to seasonal insecticide application. Additional r ...
Free Full Text ( Final Version , 339kb )
Free Full Text ( Final Version , 339kb )

... instance, is used in MEDLINE as an abbreviation for prostate specific antigen, but also for psoriasis arthritis and poultry science administration, among others. Liu et al [5] showed that 81.2% of frequent MEDLINE abbreviations have more than one expansion, and thus are homonyms. Gene naming is a si ...
Organelle Evolution
Organelle Evolution

... – Recombination between escaped organelle DNA and nuclear DNA – Experimental transfer in yeast – Non-coding sequence frequently transferred – Whole organelle sequences transferred ...
Extraction of Gene-Disease Relations from Medline Using Domain
Extraction of Gene-Disease Relations from Medline Using Domain

... domain-specific ontology. Experimental results show 81% precision and 44% recall. Pustejovsky (2002) 5 also used predicate patterns. They did not build these patterns manually, but extracted patterns from a manuallyconstructed training corpus. Then they analyzed the subject and the object relation f ...
Letter to the Editor
Letter to the Editor

... that in mammals mother and fetus are in continual placental contact for much of early development, whereas there is no mother/offspring resource transfer in beetles, and hence the toxin must be placed in the egg prior to embryonic development. Medea is at fixation within populations of T. castaneum, ...
here - Phenolyzer
here - Phenolyzer

... Below these brief summaries, the output files are available for download: the disease files can be got by clicking each disease term, the HPO files can be clicking the ‘(HPO)’ after the disease, also the wordcloud image can be got by clicking the wordcloud tag after each term. The WHOLE REPORT and F ...
The Aspergillus Genome Database, a curated comparative
The Aspergillus Genome Database, a curated comparative

... (GO) (5) annotations using orthology mappings between this gene set and experimentally characterized genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have also begun manual curation of gene descriptions, gene product functions and localization, mutant phenotypes and comprehensive reference lists from the A. ni ...
Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution and Natural Selection

... others are not. In many cases, the traits beneficial to survival and reproduction become more common, while less useful traits are lost. This leads to ongoing change in the features of organisms in all species.” It is also possible to look for a conditional: If such-andsuch conditions hold, then a p ...
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The Selfish Gene

The Selfish Gene is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's first book Adaptation and Natural Selection. Dawkins used the term ""selfish gene"" as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularising ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others. From the gene-centred view follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other. This should not be confused with misuse of the term along the lines of a selfishness gene.An organism is expected to evolve to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual). As a result, populations will tend towards an evolutionarily stable strategy. The book also coins the term meme for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene, suggesting that such ""selfish"" replication may also model human culture, in a different sense. Memetics has become the subject of many studies since the publication of the book.In the foreword to the book's 30th-anniversary edition, Dawkins said he ""can readily see that [the book's title] might give an inadequate impression of its contents"" and in retrospect thinks he should have taken Tom Maschler's advice and called the book The Immortal Gene.
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