Problems of Macroevolution (Molecular Evolution, Phenotype
... Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, C.U.N.Y., Brooklyn, New York 11210 SYNOPSIS. As seen from a hierarchical viewpoint, macroevolution is neither a functional process nor a series of events in the past. It is a record only. For this reason macroevolutionary laws are all statistical laws. Natura ...
... Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, C.U.N.Y., Brooklyn, New York 11210 SYNOPSIS. As seen from a hierarchical viewpoint, macroevolution is neither a functional process nor a series of events in the past. It is a record only. For this reason macroevolutionary laws are all statistical laws. Natura ...
Genetic Algorithm Using SAS/IML
... One at random selected part (consisting of consecutive genes) of parent I chromosome is copied into offspring 2 at exactly the same location. The order and location is preserved. The genes that are not selected from parent I are copied from parent 2 to fill out the empty spaces in offspring 2. The o ...
... One at random selected part (consisting of consecutive genes) of parent I chromosome is copied into offspring 2 at exactly the same location. The order and location is preserved. The genes that are not selected from parent I are copied from parent 2 to fill out the empty spaces in offspring 2. The o ...
Discovering Biodiversity in Time and Space
... necks than others. In times of drought such individuals will be able to reach leaves higher off the ground than their siblings and therefore will survive. The brothers and sisters in the clutch who possessed shorter necks would be unable to stretch and reach food and therefore would starve to death. ...
... necks than others. In times of drought such individuals will be able to reach leaves higher off the ground than their siblings and therefore will survive. The brothers and sisters in the clutch who possessed shorter necks would be unable to stretch and reach food and therefore would starve to death. ...
LP - Columbia University
... common than B? Why is CF commoner in whites, Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in blacks? Why do genes for drug resistance change, but gene for cytochrome c stays the same! Why is there more variation in introns than in exons? In other words, how did the particular state of affairs that now exists come to b ...
... common than B? Why is CF commoner in whites, Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in blacks? Why do genes for drug resistance change, but gene for cytochrome c stays the same! Why is there more variation in introns than in exons? In other words, how did the particular state of affairs that now exists come to b ...
"Hybrid Incompatibility in Drosophila: An Updated Genetic and
... evolved genes in two species are responsible of incompatibility of their hybrid, manifested by sterility and inviability. The heterogametic sex (XY males in Drosophila) is the most affected and the X chromosome has the largest effect on hybrid incompatibility (HI). These rules of speciation depend o ...
... evolved genes in two species are responsible of incompatibility of their hybrid, manifested by sterility and inviability. The heterogametic sex (XY males in Drosophila) is the most affected and the X chromosome has the largest effect on hybrid incompatibility (HI). These rules of speciation depend o ...
Mendel Discovers “Genes” 9-1
... If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch task ...
... If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch task ...
Genomic and Functional Approaches to Genetic Adaptation
... “This preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection” (Darwin 1859) A heritable trait that increases the chances for an organism to survive, and/or that benefits its reproduction in a given environmental context is considered an adaptive trai ...
... “This preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection” (Darwin 1859) A heritable trait that increases the chances for an organism to survive, and/or that benefits its reproduction in a given environmental context is considered an adaptive trai ...
Post-invasion evolution of native plant populations: a test of
... asserted that perhaps no mechanism of biotic resistance is able to completely repel invaders, but may serve to limit their impacts (containment). We suggest that more emphasis should be placed on the resilience of native populations that persist inside invasions. Holling (1973) suggests that genetic ...
... asserted that perhaps no mechanism of biotic resistance is able to completely repel invaders, but may serve to limit their impacts (containment). We suggest that more emphasis should be placed on the resilience of native populations that persist inside invasions. Holling (1973) suggests that genetic ...
Exercise #1 - UBC Zoology
... Many strategies exist to match the timing of copulation to the timing of ovulation by the female. These range from situations in which the female changes in sexual characteristics around the time of ovulation to stimulate males to mate - to the situation in which males always want to mate but female ...
... Many strategies exist to match the timing of copulation to the timing of ovulation by the female. These range from situations in which the female changes in sexual characteristics around the time of ovulation to stimulate males to mate - to the situation in which males always want to mate but female ...
Standard Seven: Diversity and Continuity of living Things 5/9/05
... fossils resembling existing species. 2. Natural selection is the process by which some individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and produce greater numbers of offspring than other organisms of the same species. Competition for resources and mates and conditions in the environment c ...
... fossils resembling existing species. 2. Natural selection is the process by which some individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and produce greater numbers of offspring than other organisms of the same species. Competition for resources and mates and conditions in the environment c ...
Evolution at Multiple Loci
... • The effect of an allele at a locus is dependent the presence of an allele at another locus. • The phenotype is dependent upon the allele at one locus interacting with an allele at another locus. Not a predictable outcome. • Allele X may affect the phenotype one way in the presence of allele A, and ...
... • The effect of an allele at a locus is dependent the presence of an allele at another locus. • The phenotype is dependent upon the allele at one locus interacting with an allele at another locus. Not a predictable outcome. • Allele X may affect the phenotype one way in the presence of allele A, and ...
Genetesting_to_post
... Some issues to consider: • only performed at a few centers • not possible in some cases due to difficulty in obtaining eggs or early embryos and problems with DNA analysis procedures • costly and usually not covered by insurance ...
... Some issues to consider: • only performed at a few centers • not possible in some cases due to difficulty in obtaining eggs or early embryos and problems with DNA analysis procedures • costly and usually not covered by insurance ...
Realism, relativism and Evolutionary Psychology
... arguments. They attempt to go beyond words by pointing to a reality that is obviously, unavoidably there. Evolution, in particular the evolutionary history of human beings, takes pride of place. Textbooks of Evolutionary Psychology often begin with a chapter on the evolution of Homo sapiens. It is o ...
... arguments. They attempt to go beyond words by pointing to a reality that is obviously, unavoidably there. Evolution, in particular the evolutionary history of human beings, takes pride of place. Textbooks of Evolutionary Psychology often begin with a chapter on the evolution of Homo sapiens. It is o ...
Allele Frequencies, Genotype Frequencies, and Hardy
... A maximum likelihood estimate of a parameter θ is the estimate of θ that maximizes the likelihood function. This provides an estimate of θ that “best explains” the observed data in some sense. For our example, we want to find the pAA and pBB that maximizes L(pAA,pAB). Sometimes it is possible to det ...
... A maximum likelihood estimate of a parameter θ is the estimate of θ that maximizes the likelihood function. This provides an estimate of θ that “best explains” the observed data in some sense. For our example, we want to find the pAA and pBB that maximizes L(pAA,pAB). Sometimes it is possible to det ...
Variation of Traits
... more widely in the community, and is passed on further to later generations. Once new challenges appear in the environment, new adaptations are likely to crop up for a fortunate few. This is not to say that mutations are always helpful. Sometimes they are simply inconvenient, odd o ...
... more widely in the community, and is passed on further to later generations. Once new challenges appear in the environment, new adaptations are likely to crop up for a fortunate few. This is not to say that mutations are always helpful. Sometimes they are simply inconvenient, odd o ...
16.1 X-Rays Were the First Environmental Agent
... A female fly that has one copy of this X chromosome would have bar-shaped eyes, because bar is a dominant allele. Even though this X chromosome has a recessive lethal allele, a female fly can survive if the corresponding gene on the other X chromosome is a normal allele. In Müller’s experiments, the ...
... A female fly that has one copy of this X chromosome would have bar-shaped eyes, because bar is a dominant allele. Even though this X chromosome has a recessive lethal allele, a female fly can survive if the corresponding gene on the other X chromosome is a normal allele. In Müller’s experiments, the ...
Within- and between-species DNA sequence variation and the
... ( Kimura, 1968,1983; King and Jukes, 1969) proposes that mutations fall primarily into two fitness classes. A fraction of DNA changes are strongly deleterious and are quickly eliminated from populations by natural selection. The vast majority of non-deleterious mutations have little or no effect on ...
... ( Kimura, 1968,1983; King and Jukes, 1969) proposes that mutations fall primarily into two fitness classes. A fraction of DNA changes are strongly deleterious and are quickly eliminated from populations by natural selection. The vast majority of non-deleterious mutations have little or no effect on ...
Tassia 1 Benthic Macrofauna Abundance Along a Transect from
... to be asked for deep-sea systems. Previous studies have shown physical and biotic factors, such as slope, tide distance, detrital input, and vegetation, impact community structure (Netto & Lana 1997, Ysaebaert & Herman 2002, Beukema 1976). However, studies of community structure can require accurate ...
... to be asked for deep-sea systems. Previous studies have shown physical and biotic factors, such as slope, tide distance, detrital input, and vegetation, impact community structure (Netto & Lana 1997, Ysaebaert & Herman 2002, Beukema 1976). However, studies of community structure can require accurate ...
ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION IN SELFING AND
... recent origin and that the accumulation of deleterious mutation would not be the main cause of their extinction, contrary to what is observed in clonal species (reviewed in Glémin and Galtier 2012). Reduced adaptive potential in selfers is the other major—and the first initially proposed—cause unde ...
... recent origin and that the accumulation of deleterious mutation would not be the main cause of their extinction, contrary to what is observed in clonal species (reviewed in Glémin and Galtier 2012). Reduced adaptive potential in selfers is the other major—and the first initially proposed—cause unde ...
13_Lecture_Presentation
... to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffle a pack of cards, you’ll deal out different h ...
... to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffle a pack of cards, you’ll deal out different h ...
Asexual Reproduction Jigsaw
... The offspring produced by parthenogenesis in species that use the XY sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female. In species that use the ZW sex-determination system they have either two Z chromosomes (male) or two W chromosomes (non-viable or female), or (theoretically) if clonal ...
... The offspring produced by parthenogenesis in species that use the XY sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female. In species that use the ZW sex-determination system they have either two Z chromosomes (male) or two W chromosomes (non-viable or female), or (theoretically) if clonal ...
Topic 10: Genetics (HL)
... 10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage 10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes 10.2.2 Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes 10.2.3 Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homo ...
... 10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage 10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes 10.2.2 Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes 10.2.3 Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homo ...
ch 13 notes
... to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffle a pack of cards, you’ll deal out different h ...
... to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffle a pack of cards, you’ll deal out different h ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.