The viability and style of the modern plate
... mantle temperature up to 350 K more than at present. On the other hand, Archean high grade terrains suggest that geotherms in continental crust have not changed much since the Archean (England and Bickle, 1984; Bickle, 1986; Vlaar, 1986a; Herzberg, 1992; de Wit, 1998). The importance of this debate ...
... mantle temperature up to 350 K more than at present. On the other hand, Archean high grade terrains suggest that geotherms in continental crust have not changed much since the Archean (England and Bickle, 1984; Bickle, 1986; Vlaar, 1986a; Herzberg, 1992; de Wit, 1998). The importance of this debate ...
Directional Variations in Travel-Time Residuals of Teleseismic P
... Tien Shan intracontinental orogenic mountain building can be explained by crustal shortening resulting from the India– Eurasia collision, which is about 2000 km south of KNET (Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979; Zonenshain et al., 1990). The Tien Shan is an actively deforming area. The predicted direction ...
... Tien Shan intracontinental orogenic mountain building can be explained by crustal shortening resulting from the India– Eurasia collision, which is about 2000 km south of KNET (Tapponnier and Molnar, 1979; Zonenshain et al., 1990). The Tien Shan is an actively deforming area. The predicted direction ...
Proterozoic History
... gneiss terrains) and their Early Proterozoic cover rocks were cut by extensive swarms of basic dykes after 2700 Ma. Most of these were emplaced between 2500 Ma and 1500 Ma, but dyke swarms occur throughout the Proterozoic. Emplacement of these swarms is believed to be associated with crustal extensi ...
... gneiss terrains) and their Early Proterozoic cover rocks were cut by extensive swarms of basic dykes after 2700 Ma. Most of these were emplaced between 2500 Ma and 1500 Ma, but dyke swarms occur throughout the Proterozoic. Emplacement of these swarms is believed to be associated with crustal extensi ...
Rheological heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
... about 100 kilometers thick. How are crust and lithosphere different from each other? ...
... about 100 kilometers thick. How are crust and lithosphere different from each other? ...
PNG ON THE MOVE - GPS MONITORING OF PLATE TECTONICS
... All types of plate boundary are represented in PNG, with relative motions between distinct microplates some of the most rapid anywhere on the Earth. The Australian plate is moving in a north-northeasterly direction at about 60 mm/yr, colliding with the New Guinea Highlands (NGH) along the Highlands ...
... All types of plate boundary are represented in PNG, with relative motions between distinct microplates some of the most rapid anywhere on the Earth. The Australian plate is moving in a north-northeasterly direction at about 60 mm/yr, colliding with the New Guinea Highlands (NGH) along the Highlands ...
Drilling at sea: Hydrocarbon Exploration
... As the concept of sea floor spreading gained acceptance in the late 60's, the consequences for geology gradually began to dawn. One of the first to recognise how plate tectonics could be applied to the geological record was J. Tuzo Wilson. If continents rift apart to form ocean basins, other oceans ...
... As the concept of sea floor spreading gained acceptance in the late 60's, the consequences for geology gradually began to dawn. One of the first to recognise how plate tectonics could be applied to the geological record was J. Tuzo Wilson. If continents rift apart to form ocean basins, other oceans ...
The structure and dynamics of the mantle wedge
... features of the Earth. They form the location of the major underthrusting earthquakes, explosive arc volcanism and are the only sites of deep earthquakes in the Earth’s mantle. The role of subduction zones in the plate tectonic framework is reasonably well understood from the near-surface observatio ...
... features of the Earth. They form the location of the major underthrusting earthquakes, explosive arc volcanism and are the only sites of deep earthquakes in the Earth’s mantle. The role of subduction zones in the plate tectonic framework is reasonably well understood from the near-surface observatio ...
Driving mechanism and 3-D circulation of plate tectonics
... McCaffrey, 1991; Subarya et al., 2006), I take it to indicate instead that strain was released by coseismic slip toward the trench— the gravitationally driven direction— after having accumulated by thickening of the wedge in the plate-convergence direction. Accretionary wedges Thinly tapered accreti ...
... McCaffrey, 1991; Subarya et al., 2006), I take it to indicate instead that strain was released by coseismic slip toward the trench— the gravitationally driven direction— after having accumulated by thickening of the wedge in the plate-convergence direction. Accretionary wedges Thinly tapered accreti ...
Continental rifting as a function of lithosphere mantle strength
... selected models that are used for 2D simulations. The thicknesses of the brittle and ductile layers are computed as presented in the two previous sections. However, the thicknesses of brittle layers are slightly different from the Mohr–Coulomb estimate, since we use Von Mises approximation for plast ...
... selected models that are used for 2D simulations. The thicknesses of the brittle and ductile layers are computed as presented in the two previous sections. However, the thicknesses of brittle layers are slightly different from the Mohr–Coulomb estimate, since we use Von Mises approximation for plast ...
Energy of plate tectonics calculation and projection
... to become part of the mantle as it sinks into the earth’s interior. Simultaneously, a smaller magma mass, M, rises from the mantle to midocean ridges following the partial melting of the upwelling mantle as it decompresses. The melt, which is assumed to be basaltic magma, flows upwards under high pr ...
... to become part of the mantle as it sinks into the earth’s interior. Simultaneously, a smaller magma mass, M, rises from the mantle to midocean ridges following the partial melting of the upwelling mantle as it decompresses. The melt, which is assumed to be basaltic magma, flows upwards under high pr ...
Needed for Lab 2 Goals of Today’s Lecture Lab 2 • Protractor
... The rest of our discussion today will focus on how local geology (rock properties, origin, and deformation) sets the conditions that affect these two components to give a wide array of structurally controlled landforms. ...
... The rest of our discussion today will focus on how local geology (rock properties, origin, and deformation) sets the conditions that affect these two components to give a wide array of structurally controlled landforms. ...
vauchez_etal_rheology_1998_hal
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
Rheological heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy and
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
... cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Ob ...
Section 1 How and Where Earthquakes Happen
... fault zone a region of numerous, closely spaced faults • Fault zones form at plate boundaries because of the intense stress that results when plates separate, collide, subduct, or slide past each other. • When enough stress builds up, movement occurs along one or more of the individual faults in the ...
... fault zone a region of numerous, closely spaced faults • Fault zones form at plate boundaries because of the intense stress that results when plates separate, collide, subduct, or slide past each other. • When enough stress builds up, movement occurs along one or more of the individual faults in the ...
Deep mantle heat flow and thermal evolution of the Earth`s core in
... above the core-mantle boundary (CMB), to obtain a successful thermal evolution of the core, i.e., one in which the magnetic field exists over geological time and the final inner core size matches that observed. The mantle convection model includes both the olivine and pyroxene phase change systems l ...
... above the core-mantle boundary (CMB), to obtain a successful thermal evolution of the core, i.e., one in which the magnetic field exists over geological time and the final inner core size matches that observed. The mantle convection model includes both the olivine and pyroxene phase change systems l ...
Geometrical impact of the San Andreas Fault on stress and
... deviatoric invariant of the stress tensor, respectively; a and k are parameters related to cohesion and effective coefficient of friction. [11] The most conspicuous feature in Figure 4 is the broad area of high stress that spans over much of southern California where many of the large earthquakes oc ...
... deviatoric invariant of the stress tensor, respectively; a and k are parameters related to cohesion and effective coefficient of friction. [11] The most conspicuous feature in Figure 4 is the broad area of high stress that spans over much of southern California where many of the large earthquakes oc ...
Lecture 2.2 - Convergent plate boundaries
... Plate boundary where the sense of motion is convergent ...
... Plate boundary where the sense of motion is convergent ...
Effect of Regional Tectonic Setting on Local Fault Response to
... 4. Discussion and Conclusions [9] Modeled patterns of VT earthquakes resulting from stresses produced during dike inflation in the presence of tectonic stress fields with relative magnitudes typical for the Earth’s crust [e.g., McGarr and Gay, 1978, Feuillet et al., 2004] are in general agreement wi ...
... 4. Discussion and Conclusions [9] Modeled patterns of VT earthquakes resulting from stresses produced during dike inflation in the presence of tectonic stress fields with relative magnitudes typical for the Earth’s crust [e.g., McGarr and Gay, 1978, Feuillet et al., 2004] are in general agreement wi ...
Meteorite Impacts as Triggers to Large Igneous Provinces
... explain the differentiated melts of the Sudbury Igneous LIP, where underlain by oceanic mantle, was ultramafic (e.g. Complex, including the currently unfavoured idea that the high-magnesium basalt or picrite). Such an impact event nickel-rich deposits are cosmogenic (Dietz 1972). Hot melt- preceding ...
... explain the differentiated melts of the Sudbury Igneous LIP, where underlain by oceanic mantle, was ultramafic (e.g. Complex, including the currently unfavoured idea that the high-magnesium basalt or picrite). Such an impact event nickel-rich deposits are cosmogenic (Dietz 1972). Hot melt- preceding ...
Nature of the Vrancea seismic zone (Eastern Carpathians) – New
... The Vrancea region of the southeastern Carpathians is one of the most active seismic zones in Europe and it is well-known for its strong intermediate depth earthquakes. Seismic tomography had revealed a high-velocity body beneath Vrancea and the Moesian platform that extends to a depth of at least 3 ...
... The Vrancea region of the southeastern Carpathians is one of the most active seismic zones in Europe and it is well-known for its strong intermediate depth earthquakes. Seismic tomography had revealed a high-velocity body beneath Vrancea and the Moesian platform that extends to a depth of at least 3 ...
Geophysical and petrological modelling of the
... Information on the physical and chemical properties of the lithosphere–asthenosphere system (LAS) can be obtained by geophysical investigation and by studies of petrology–geochemistry of magmatic rocks and entrained xenoliths. Integration of petrological and geophysical studies is particularly usefu ...
... Information on the physical and chemical properties of the lithosphere–asthenosphere system (LAS) can be obtained by geophysical investigation and by studies of petrology–geochemistry of magmatic rocks and entrained xenoliths. Integration of petrological and geophysical studies is particularly usefu ...
Numerical modelling of the Aegean–Anatolian region
... the interior of the Aegean–Anatolian plate: the availability of geodetic and geophysical data makes this region ideal to make detailed models of continental deformation. Although the deformation occurring in the Aegean–Anatolian plate may be regarded as the primary effect of the Arabian indenter pus ...
... the interior of the Aegean–Anatolian plate: the availability of geodetic and geophysical data makes this region ideal to make detailed models of continental deformation. Although the deformation occurring in the Aegean–Anatolian plate may be regarded as the primary effect of the Arabian indenter pus ...
Planetary Atmospheres and Life
... peridotite of mainly olivine, which can be forced up from mantle depths to the surface in tectonic collisions (e.g., Twin Sisters Mountain in Washington State, is made of dunite). Below in Sec. 7.5, we note that volcanic gas compositions would have been affected if the oceanic and continental crust ...
... peridotite of mainly olivine, which can be forced up from mantle depths to the surface in tectonic collisions (e.g., Twin Sisters Mountain in Washington State, is made of dunite). Below in Sec. 7.5, we note that volcanic gas compositions would have been affected if the oceanic and continental crust ...
GPS in Earth Sciences
... Because tectonic plates drift about on the asthenosphere, it is not uncommon for them to collide into each other from time to time. When the plates collide, the surrounding landscape shakes (and sometimes shatters), causing what we know as earthquakes. This is why cities which lie on or near plate b ...
... Because tectonic plates drift about on the asthenosphere, it is not uncommon for them to collide into each other from time to time. When the plates collide, the surrounding landscape shakes (and sometimes shatters), causing what we know as earthquakes. This is why cities which lie on or near plate b ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.