Chapter 8
... Plate boundaries • Types of plate boundaries • Transform fault boundaries • Plates slide past one another • No new crust is created • No crust is destroyed • Transform faults • Most join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge • At the time of formation, they roughly parallel the direction of plate movem ...
... Plate boundaries • Types of plate boundaries • Transform fault boundaries • Plates slide past one another • No new crust is created • No crust is destroyed • Transform faults • Most join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge • At the time of formation, they roughly parallel the direction of plate movem ...
Depth versus age: new perspectives from the chemical compositions
... determination of initial depth and mantle temperature for any portion of ancient seafloor that was created at a spreading center, provided the chemical composition of the ancient crust is determined. It is then possible to calculate a petrologically constrained depth at any age, which can be compare ...
... determination of initial depth and mantle temperature for any portion of ancient seafloor that was created at a spreading center, provided the chemical composition of the ancient crust is determined. It is then possible to calculate a petrologically constrained depth at any age, which can be compare ...
Geochemistry of near-EPR seamounts: importance of source vs
... Y. Niu et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199 (2002) 327^345 ...
... Y. Niu et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199 (2002) 327^345 ...
- Wiley Online Library
... [Bai et al., 2013]. The receiver function studies of underthrusting Indian lithospheric mantle northern boundary represented by the deep north-south oriented profiles have been interpreted to suggest that the lithosphere does not follow the surface trace of major crustal suture zones [Kind and Yuan, ...
... [Bai et al., 2013]. The receiver function studies of underthrusting Indian lithospheric mantle northern boundary represented by the deep north-south oriented profiles have been interpreted to suggest that the lithosphere does not follow the surface trace of major crustal suture zones [Kind and Yuan, ...
Distributed deformation in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath
... Converted phases from teleseisms recorded by a seismic array spanning the northern half of the Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand, show a continuous unbroken Moho underlying a seismically anisotropic lower crust beneath the two northernmost faults of the fault system. These observat ...
... Converted phases from teleseisms recorded by a seismic array spanning the northern half of the Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand, show a continuous unbroken Moho underlying a seismically anisotropic lower crust beneath the two northernmost faults of the fault system. These observat ...
Chapter 2 - College Test bank - get test bank and solution manual
... 3. Why was the concept of seafloor spreading necessary for continental drift to be accepted? How could scientists ignore the overwhelming evidence that the continents could move over the face of the Earth? 4. Demonstrate the relationship between hot spots and surface volcanic chains with a piece of ...
... 3. Why was the concept of seafloor spreading necessary for continental drift to be accepted? How could scientists ignore the overwhelming evidence that the continents could move over the face of the Earth? 4. Demonstrate the relationship between hot spots and surface volcanic chains with a piece of ...
A source for Icelandic magmas in remelted Iapetus crust
... supercontinent broke up again at ~54 Ma when the North Atlantic began to form. At this time, continental lithosphere fertilised by crust trapped during the earlier continental suturing may have delaminated and been recycled into the asthenosphere that now underlies the North Atlantic. In the future ...
... supercontinent broke up again at ~54 Ma when the North Atlantic began to form. At this time, continental lithosphere fertilised by crust trapped during the earlier continental suturing may have delaminated and been recycled into the asthenosphere that now underlies the North Atlantic. In the future ...
Lower crustal earthquakes near the Ethiopian rift induced by
... [1] Lower crustal earthquakes are commonly observed in continental rifts at depths where temperatures should be too high for brittle failure to occur. Here we present accurately located earthquakes in central Ethiopia, covering an incipient oceanic plate boundary in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Seismici ...
... [1] Lower crustal earthquakes are commonly observed in continental rifts at depths where temperatures should be too high for brittle failure to occur. Here we present accurately located earthquakes in central Ethiopia, covering an incipient oceanic plate boundary in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Seismici ...
Plate Tectonics The Theory of Plate Tectonics
... A network of satellites orbiting Earth is used to monitor plate motion. By keeping track of the distance between satellites and Earth, it is possible to determine how fast a tectonic plate moves. This network of satellites is called the Global Positioning System (GPS). ...
... A network of satellites orbiting Earth is used to monitor plate motion. By keeping track of the distance between satellites and Earth, it is possible to determine how fast a tectonic plate moves. This network of satellites is called the Global Positioning System (GPS). ...
Ambient seismic noise tomography of the southern East Sea (Japan
... perturbation is less than 4% for all periods, indicating that lateral variation of seismic structures ...
... perturbation is less than 4% for all periods, indicating that lateral variation of seismic structures ...
Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the
... Atlantic ocean in early Cenozoic time, part of a much larger epicontinental sea between the continental masses of Fennoscandia, Svalbard and Greenland. The conjugate continental margins off Norway and Greenland (Brekke, 2000; Skogseid et al., 2000; Hamann et al., 2005; Tsikalas et al., 2005a), and t ...
... Atlantic ocean in early Cenozoic time, part of a much larger epicontinental sea between the continental masses of Fennoscandia, Svalbard and Greenland. The conjugate continental margins off Norway and Greenland (Brekke, 2000; Skogseid et al., 2000; Hamann et al., 2005; Tsikalas et al., 2005a), and t ...
Mantle flow in regions of complex tectonics: Insights from Indonesia
... et al., 2007]. The exact timing of subduction initiation remains unknown; however, evidence suggests that it was not before 45 Ma [Hall, 2009]. Although this subduction zone appears to be continuous along Sumatra and Java, there is a sharp change in several characteristics at the Sunda strait, which ...
... et al., 2007]. The exact timing of subduction initiation remains unknown; however, evidence suggests that it was not before 45 Ma [Hall, 2009]. Although this subduction zone appears to be continuous along Sumatra and Java, there is a sharp change in several characteristics at the Sunda strait, which ...
The Yellowstone `hot spot` track results from migrating basin range
... It is unlikely that a mantle-plume origin would ever have been suggested for the Eastern Snake River Plain-Yellowstone (ESRP-Y) zone were it not for the time-progressive chain of large rhyolitic caldera volcanoes there. The existence of such volcanic chains, and in particular their perceived fixity ...
... It is unlikely that a mantle-plume origin would ever have been suggested for the Eastern Snake River Plain-Yellowstone (ESRP-Y) zone were it not for the time-progressive chain of large rhyolitic caldera volcanoes there. The existence of such volcanic chains, and in particular their perceived fixity ...
On the origin of the asthenosphere
... diffusion-accommodated anelasticity. Anelastic relaxation caused by elastically accommodated grainboundary sliding leads to a large velocity reduction (~ 5% or more). Assuming a plausible temperature and water content dependence of the peak frequency of this relaxation, it is shown that a substantia ...
... diffusion-accommodated anelasticity. Anelastic relaxation caused by elastically accommodated grainboundary sliding leads to a large velocity reduction (~ 5% or more). Assuming a plausible temperature and water content dependence of the peak frequency of this relaxation, it is shown that a substantia ...
The effect of the large-scale mantle flow field on the Iceland hotspot
... et al. (2002). Under the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland the FIRE experiment constrained a crust of 19 km and at the older Tertiary areas of north-eastern Iceland a 35 km thick crust. The pronounced thickened crust of the Greenland–Iceland–Faroe ridge is suspected to be a geologic record of the in ...
... et al. (2002). Under the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland the FIRE experiment constrained a crust of 19 km and at the older Tertiary areas of north-eastern Iceland a 35 km thick crust. The pronounced thickened crust of the Greenland–Iceland–Faroe ridge is suspected to be a geologic record of the in ...
Role of arc magmatism and lower crustal foundering
... uplift events. A late Cretaceous–early Tertiary uplift event should have occurred in conjunction with thickening of the crust by felsic magmatism. Additional uplift is predicted if the pyroxenite root later foundered, but such uplift must have occurred after ∼25 Ma, the age of the xenolith host. We ...
... uplift events. A late Cretaceous–early Tertiary uplift event should have occurred in conjunction with thickening of the crust by felsic magmatism. Additional uplift is predicted if the pyroxenite root later foundered, but such uplift must have occurred after ∼25 Ma, the age of the xenolith host. We ...
Why is subduction on the Earth one-sided?
... However, in global mantle convection models, where this asymmetry is not prescribed, subduction is symmetrical, or “two-sided” (Figs. 1C and 1D), where downwelling involves materials from both plates (Tackley, 2000). Recent dynamic models of subduction process, operating with realistic viscoelasticp ...
... However, in global mantle convection models, where this asymmetry is not prescribed, subduction is symmetrical, or “two-sided” (Figs. 1C and 1D), where downwelling involves materials from both plates (Tackley, 2000). Recent dynamic models of subduction process, operating with realistic viscoelasticp ...
Imaging subduction from the trench to 300 km depth beneath the
... making the interpretation of Vp/Vs variations difficult (EberhartPhillips 1990). Solving for Vp/Vs makes the assumption that given a 3-D heterogeneous Vp model and unknown Vs, it would be better to estimate a Vs model from the Vp using a constant Vp/Vs than to assume a homogeneous Vs model. The velo ...
... making the interpretation of Vp/Vs variations difficult (EberhartPhillips 1990). Solving for Vp/Vs makes the assumption that given a 3-D heterogeneous Vp model and unknown Vs, it would be better to estimate a Vs model from the Vp using a constant Vp/Vs than to assume a homogeneous Vs model. The velo ...
Continental Drift - Pearson Higher Education
... ing the most recent glacial period, the lowering of sea level allowed animals to cross the narrow Bering Strait between Asia and North America. Was it possible, then, that one or more land bridges once connected Africa and South America? We are now quite certain that land bridges of this magnitude d ...
... ing the most recent glacial period, the lowering of sea level allowed animals to cross the narrow Bering Strait between Asia and North America. Was it possible, then, that one or more land bridges once connected Africa and South America? We are now quite certain that land bridges of this magnitude d ...
Invited Review Gillian R. Foulger Dept. Earth Sciences, Science
... Santos and Rio Plata blocks and in the Lucapa corridor likely led to complexities at this latitude. Volcanism is unusually distributed compared with the margin to the north and south and there is likely a continental fragment in the ocean beneath the Rio Grande Rise [Sager, 2014]. These complexities ...
... Santos and Rio Plata blocks and in the Lucapa corridor likely led to complexities at this latitude. Volcanism is unusually distributed compared with the margin to the north and south and there is likely a continental fragment in the ocean beneath the Rio Grande Rise [Sager, 2014]. These complexities ...
north american diamond deposits
... over by The Diamond Corporation of Arkansas. Their 2,000-ton washing and concentrating plant began operation in 1948, but shut down a year later. Howard A. Millar operated the "Crater of Diamonds" tourist attraction on part of the Prairie Creek pipe during the 1950’s and 1960’s. This volcanic pipe ...
... over by The Diamond Corporation of Arkansas. Their 2,000-ton washing and concentrating plant began operation in 1948, but shut down a year later. Howard A. Millar operated the "Crater of Diamonds" tourist attraction on part of the Prairie Creek pipe during the 1950’s and 1960’s. This volcanic pipe ...
On the Driving Forces of Plate Tectonics
... Table 3 presents a comparison between the computed relative angular velocities and those of Chase (1972), for all plate pairs for which Chase had a reasonable number of measurements of both rate and direction. The agreement between computed and observed motions seems tolerable in view of the highly ...
... Table 3 presents a comparison between the computed relative angular velocities and those of Chase (1972), for all plate pairs for which Chase had a reasonable number of measurements of both rate and direction. The agreement between computed and observed motions seems tolerable in view of the highly ...
Crustal magma plumbing within a segment of the Mid
... in black with no error bars, which were not included in the present analysis. Ranges are positive to the east. a: A cross-axis record section in the central portion of the segment where the crust is thick (V8 km [7]); Pg ¢rst arrivals extend to 42 km range. Note that the amplitude of the ¢rst arriva ...
... in black with no error bars, which were not included in the present analysis. Ranges are positive to the east. a: A cross-axis record section in the central portion of the segment where the crust is thick (V8 km [7]); Pg ¢rst arrivals extend to 42 km range. Note that the amplitude of the ¢rst arriva ...
Calculating plate movement and plate motion activity File
... Finally, we'll do an interesting comparison. How well do the rates of present-day plate motion that we've measured using GPS and other surveying techniques compare with those estimated over the millions of years of geologic time? To do this, we'll look at the relative motion between North America an ...
... Finally, we'll do an interesting comparison. How well do the rates of present-day plate motion that we've measured using GPS and other surveying techniques compare with those estimated over the millions of years of geologic time? To do this, we'll look at the relative motion between North America an ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.