as a PDF
... volcanoes create membrane stresses that maintain parts of the lithosphere in tension, keeping volcanism active for times longer than expected from purely thermal stresses. An alternative way to reactivate volcanism is to form regional tensile stresses, due to large scale inhomogeneities in the litho ...
... volcanoes create membrane stresses that maintain parts of the lithosphere in tension, keeping volcanism active for times longer than expected from purely thermal stresses. An alternative way to reactivate volcanism is to form regional tensile stresses, due to large scale inhomogeneities in the litho ...
Water transportation from the subducting slab into the mantle
... mantle transition depth (approximately 400 km) lawsonite is no longer stable and thereafter H2O is once migrated upward to the mantle wedge then again carried down to the transition zone due to the induced convection. At this depth, hydrous β-phase olivine is stable and plays a role as a huge water ...
... mantle transition depth (approximately 400 km) lawsonite is no longer stable and thereafter H2O is once migrated upward to the mantle wedge then again carried down to the transition zone due to the induced convection. At this depth, hydrous β-phase olivine is stable and plays a role as a huge water ...
chapter 3 – answers to questions in text
... to come out) should now be obvious. Having the students take a small step toward the audience for each minute that they are part of the new crust illustrates the subsidence of the plate as it moves away from the ridge. By varying the rate at which the students walk and separate, various paleomagneti ...
... to come out) should now be obvious. Having the students take a small step toward the audience for each minute that they are part of the new crust illustrates the subsidence of the plate as it moves away from the ridge. By varying the rate at which the students walk and separate, various paleomagneti ...
3-D multiobservable probabilistic inversion for the compositional
... and order 220 at a height of 100 km using a spherical harmonics synthesis code [Fullea et al., 2015]. At this height, the diagonal components of the Marussi tensor (especially the vertical component) have good signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to crustal and uppermost mantle structure [e.g., Bou ...
... and order 220 at a height of 100 km using a spherical harmonics synthesis code [Fullea et al., 2015]. At this height, the diagonal components of the Marussi tensor (especially the vertical component) have good signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to crustal and uppermost mantle structure [e.g., Bou ...
Satellite gravity anomalies and crustal features of the
... Profile 4 (Figure 5 a) clearly depicts the deformed basement and the overlying reflectors of the sequences against high-angle faults overlain by parallel reflectors of the top sequence in the south. They are identified as the two deformed crustal blocks that are noted (Figure 3) with squares and num ...
... Profile 4 (Figure 5 a) clearly depicts the deformed basement and the overlying reflectors of the sequences against high-angle faults overlain by parallel reflectors of the top sequence in the south. They are identified as the two deformed crustal blocks that are noted (Figure 3) with squares and num ...
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Supercontinent
... form in stagnation regions of the CMB that are commonly below the central regions of major tectonic plates and are controlled by the distribution of subducted slabs, consistent with the statistical analysis of hot spot distribution (Weinstein and Olson, 1989) and seismic tomography imaging (e.g., No ...
... form in stagnation regions of the CMB that are commonly below the central regions of major tectonic plates and are controlled by the distribution of subducted slabs, consistent with the statistical analysis of hot spot distribution (Weinstein and Olson, 1989) and seismic tomography imaging (e.g., No ...
Earthquake handout
... Explain how a study of plate tectonics helps us to understand the occurrence of earthquakes. Although no part of the earth’s surface is exempt, we can identify several well defined seismic belts that are subject to frequent earthquakes. The vast majority of these seismic belts correspond to plat ...
... Explain how a study of plate tectonics helps us to understand the occurrence of earthquakes. Although no part of the earth’s surface is exempt, we can identify several well defined seismic belts that are subject to frequent earthquakes. The vast majority of these seismic belts correspond to plat ...
Hotspot Geodynamics Detailed Planning Group
... bulge) can be utilized. Formal uncertainties of modeled hotspot motion are difficult to quantify, but progress has been made with quantifying uncertainties of plate motions relative to (fixed or moving) hotspot reference frames, based solely on the uncertainties of data (i.e., ages and localities of ...
... bulge) can be utilized. Formal uncertainties of modeled hotspot motion are difficult to quantify, but progress has been made with quantifying uncertainties of plate motions relative to (fixed or moving) hotspot reference frames, based solely on the uncertainties of data (i.e., ages and localities of ...
Evidence of low flexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continental... during continental break-up in the South China Sea
... Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Received 10 June 2002; received in revised form 2 September 2002; accepted 19 September 2002 ...
... Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Received 10 June 2002; received in revised form 2 September 2002; accepted 19 September 2002 ...
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
... about 100 kilometers thick. How are crust and lithosphere different from each other? ...
... about 100 kilometers thick. How are crust and lithosphere different from each other? ...
Seismic view on the svalbard passive continental margin
... velocity and the thinned continental crust in the continent-ocean transition zone. The evolution of this region appears to be within a shear-rift tectonic setting. The continent-ocean transition zone along the northernmost profile (99200) is mostly dominated by extension; therefore, the last stage o ...
... velocity and the thinned continental crust in the continent-ocean transition zone. The evolution of this region appears to be within a shear-rift tectonic setting. The continent-ocean transition zone along the northernmost profile (99200) is mostly dominated by extension; therefore, the last stage o ...
Trace element and isotope geochemistry of gabbro
... The Late Cretaceous sedimentary melanges from the External Liguride Units of the Northern Apennines include large slide blocks of mantle peridotites, MOR-basalts and lower and upper continental crust rocks representative of a continent-ocean transition between the Internal Liguride oceanic domain (L ...
... The Late Cretaceous sedimentary melanges from the External Liguride Units of the Northern Apennines include large slide blocks of mantle peridotites, MOR-basalts and lower and upper continental crust rocks representative of a continent-ocean transition between the Internal Liguride oceanic domain (L ...
Geology, 39
... Greenland eclogites supports the observation by Shirey and Richardson (2011) that mantle eclogite materials older than 3.0 Ga appear absent from the cratonic record. They suggest that the appearance of cratonic eclogites in most cratons after 3.0 Ga marks the onset of the Wilson Cycle of plate tecto ...
... Greenland eclogites supports the observation by Shirey and Richardson (2011) that mantle eclogite materials older than 3.0 Ga appear absent from the cratonic record. They suggest that the appearance of cratonic eclogites in most cratons after 3.0 Ga marks the onset of the Wilson Cycle of plate tecto ...
- Wiley Online Library
... the styles of continental lithosphere deformation during mature collision where 1800 km of convergence has been accommodated by horizontal shortening. We conducted a suite of numerical geodynamic experiments that test the sensitivity of mature continent collision to varying mantle lithosphere densi ...
... the styles of continental lithosphere deformation during mature collision where 1800 km of convergence has been accommodated by horizontal shortening. We conducted a suite of numerical geodynamic experiments that test the sensitivity of mature continent collision to varying mantle lithosphere densi ...
Heterogeneous crustal deformation along the central-northern
... In order to take a close look at displacement rate distribution, velocity profiles were created along two lines, denoted as Omachi and Matsumoto Linear Arrays shown in Fig. 1. Horizontal displacement vectors are decomposed into two components referring to the alignment of the stations. In OLA, the N ...
... In order to take a close look at displacement rate distribution, velocity profiles were created along two lines, denoted as Omachi and Matsumoto Linear Arrays shown in Fig. 1. Horizontal displacement vectors are decomposed into two components referring to the alignment of the stations. In OLA, the N ...
PDF
... motions. First, the asthenosphere is weakly coupled to the lithosphere and has little effect on its motions[6]. The asthenosphere generally does not flow parallel to the overlying plate. Beneath the interior of an oceanic plate, asthenosphere moves towards the ridge[7], whereas around the plate marg ...
... motions. First, the asthenosphere is weakly coupled to the lithosphere and has little effect on its motions[6]. The asthenosphere generally does not flow parallel to the overlying plate. Beneath the interior of an oceanic plate, asthenosphere moves towards the ridge[7], whereas around the plate marg ...
- Wiley Online Library
... building, however, are not fully understood. The Nazca plate has been subducting continuously under the entire western margin of the South American plate for the past 200 Ma [Allmendinger et al., 1997; Isacks, 1988], yet no significant mountain building occurred until 70 Ma [McQuarrie, 2002; McQua ...
... building, however, are not fully understood. The Nazca plate has been subducting continuously under the entire western margin of the South American plate for the past 200 Ma [Allmendinger et al., 1997; Isacks, 1988], yet no significant mountain building occurred until 70 Ma [McQuarrie, 2002; McQua ...
Plate Tectonics: Evolution of the Ocean Floor
... the Pacific, Eurasian, African, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, and Antarctic Plates—as well as several smaller plates (Fig. 4-6). However, some plate boundaries are not yet fully defined, and additional small plates undoubtedly exist that currently are considered to be parts of lar ...
... the Pacific, Eurasian, African, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, and Antarctic Plates—as well as several smaller plates (Fig. 4-6). However, some plate boundaries are not yet fully defined, and additional small plates undoubtedly exist that currently are considered to be parts of lar ...
the dynamic earth - Mater Academy Lakes High School
... The evidence that Wegener needed to support his hypothesis was discovered nearly two decades after his death. The evidence lay on the ocean floor. In 1947, a group of scientists set out to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is part of a system of mid-ocean ridges, which are undersea ...
... The evidence that Wegener needed to support his hypothesis was discovered nearly two decades after his death. The evidence lay on the ocean floor. In 1947, a group of scientists set out to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is part of a system of mid-ocean ridges, which are undersea ...
The Yellowstone magmatic system from the
... million-year old Snake River Plain, a bimodal basalt-rhyolite aperture and the shallowly distributed earthquakes often volcanic system (1). The Yellowstone volcanic field that sits less than ~10-km depth. Large arrays for teleseismic at the eastern end of the plain is the youngest manifestation tomo ...
... million-year old Snake River Plain, a bimodal basalt-rhyolite aperture and the shallowly distributed earthquakes often volcanic system (1). The Yellowstone volcanic field that sits less than ~10-km depth. Large arrays for teleseismic at the eastern end of the plain is the youngest manifestation tomo ...
Space geodesy validation of the global lithospheric flow
... observations. However, TRF orientation cannot be sensed by any geodetic technique, so that it is conventionally defined at a starting epoch and its time evolution is ensured by imposing the NNR condition over the whole Earth. The orientation of ITRF2000 has been aligned with the preceding realizatio ...
... observations. However, TRF orientation cannot be sensed by any geodetic technique, so that it is conventionally defined at a starting epoch and its time evolution is ensured by imposing the NNR condition over the whole Earth. The orientation of ITRF2000 has been aligned with the preceding realizatio ...
Edmond and Huh 2003 - Department of the Geophysical Sciences
... current thinking. At present, the Atlantic and Indian oceans are major depocenters of CaCO3 , but subduction of ocean floor and the deposits on it is minimal in these basins. The locus of metamorphic regeneration of CO2 is restricted to the trenches off Central America. This is due to global asymmet ...
... current thinking. At present, the Atlantic and Indian oceans are major depocenters of CaCO3 , but subduction of ocean floor and the deposits on it is minimal in these basins. The locus of metamorphic regeneration of CO2 is restricted to the trenches off Central America. This is due to global asymmet ...
Imag(in)ing the continental lithosphere
... derived from the SNORCLE profile. The former are the raw data on which the marble-cake model was developed. The combined set of observations shows a remarkable power law behavior over 5 orders of magnitude. If we accept the marble-cake mantle model, the scale change is equivalent to time since subdu ...
... derived from the SNORCLE profile. The former are the raw data on which the marble-cake model was developed. The combined set of observations shows a remarkable power law behavior over 5 orders of magnitude. If we accept the marble-cake mantle model, the scale change is equivalent to time since subdu ...
9.2 Plate Tectonics
... According to the plate tectonics theory, the uppermost mantle, along with the overlying crust, behaves as a strong, rigid layer. This layer is known as the lithosphere. The outer shell lies over a weaker region in the mantle known as the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is divided into segments called ...
... According to the plate tectonics theory, the uppermost mantle, along with the overlying crust, behaves as a strong, rigid layer. This layer is known as the lithosphere. The outer shell lies over a weaker region in the mantle known as the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is divided into segments called ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.