Differentiation 2: mantle, crust OUTLINE
... temperature and is up to 40 km thick. • Generally compounds of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, O • 4.3-4.4 Ga zircons from western Australia have δ18O isotopes characteristic of liquid water: => Earth cooled enough for solid crust + liquid water within 100 Ma after the Giant impact (Moon > 4.47Ga) ...
... temperature and is up to 40 km thick. • Generally compounds of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, O • 4.3-4.4 Ga zircons from western Australia have δ18O isotopes characteristic of liquid water: => Earth cooled enough for solid crust + liquid water within 100 Ma after the Giant impact (Moon > 4.47Ga) ...
Global earth structure lecture 2 - UC Berkeley Earth and Planetary
... Pyrolite is a synthetic rock invented by Ringwood as a model for experimenting with constitution of the upper an lower mantle. This composition is generally accepted for the uppermost part of the mantle. As we go deeper, differences among various authors increase. In particular, it remains a matter ...
... Pyrolite is a synthetic rock invented by Ringwood as a model for experimenting with constitution of the upper an lower mantle. This composition is generally accepted for the uppermost part of the mantle. As we go deeper, differences among various authors increase. In particular, it remains a matter ...
SurfaceProcesses
... C. Ice ages: continental glaciers 1. There is evidence of at least _________ major ______________________ during the last ________________________________ years. a) The most recent ice age ended _________________ years ago. ...
... C. Ice ages: continental glaciers 1. There is evidence of at least _________ major ______________________ during the last ________________________________ years. a) The most recent ice age ended _________________ years ago. ...
Lecture 1 Plate Tectonics
... continents fit, especially along the continental slope regions where erosion is minimal Matching rock sequences and mountain ranges were found across continents ...
... continents fit, especially along the continental slope regions where erosion is minimal Matching rock sequences and mountain ranges were found across continents ...
Layers of the Earth
... waves increased in speed as they passed through a boundary at a depth below the surface between 32 and 64 kilometers. He felt that this happened because the waves traveled through a less dense area. • We now know that he founded the layer next to Earth’s crust which was the mantle. • The makeup of t ...
... waves increased in speed as they passed through a boundary at a depth below the surface between 32 and 64 kilometers. He felt that this happened because the waves traveled through a less dense area. • We now know that he founded the layer next to Earth’s crust which was the mantle. • The makeup of t ...
Viscosity of the asthenosphere from glacial isostatic adjustment and
... [2] During the last major phase of continental glaciation, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) covered most of British Columbia and parts of northern Washington State (Figure 1) [e.g., Clague and James, 2002]. The weight of the ice sheet caused tens to hundreds of meters of crustal depression along coas ...
... [2] During the last major phase of continental glaciation, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) covered most of British Columbia and parts of northern Washington State (Figure 1) [e.g., Clague and James, 2002]. The weight of the ice sheet caused tens to hundreds of meters of crustal depression along coas ...
Stratigraphy & geochemistry of the Nipigon basin
... Ga but still evidence of arc magmatism • Increasing evidence for Phanerozoic processes from 2.8 to 2.9 Ga • By 2.7 Ga plate tectonic processes similar to those of the Phanerozoic generate comparable suites of rocks ...
... Ga but still evidence of arc magmatism • Increasing evidence for Phanerozoic processes from 2.8 to 2.9 Ga • By 2.7 Ga plate tectonic processes similar to those of the Phanerozoic generate comparable suites of rocks ...
Earth`s Shifting Crust
... fissures in the earth's crust, and occasionally erupts at the surface. Another OfKin question about the earth's crust IS whether the present continents and ocean basins have been permanent features of the earth's surface. There is a vast amount of geological and biological evidence for former land c ...
... fissures in the earth's crust, and occasionally erupts at the surface. Another OfKin question about the earth's crust IS whether the present continents and ocean basins have been permanent features of the earth's surface. There is a vast amount of geological and biological evidence for former land c ...
NORWOOD SCIENCE CENTER
... scientists tools to study these events in detail. The theory of plate tectonics has provided scientists with the ability to explain why they occur. ...
... scientists tools to study these events in detail. The theory of plate tectonics has provided scientists with the ability to explain why they occur. ...
plate - TeacherWeb
... Another way plates move is apart ↔. Places where the plates move apart are called divergent boundaries. When plates move apart, sometimes land will split apart. For instance, Iceland is located over a divergent boundary and eventually the island will split in half. One can also find rift zones at di ...
... Another way plates move is apart ↔. Places where the plates move apart are called divergent boundaries. When plates move apart, sometimes land will split apart. For instance, Iceland is located over a divergent boundary and eventually the island will split in half. One can also find rift zones at di ...
Exam 1
... d. extinct paleo-margin 12. The most likely mechanism causing the crustal plates to move is thought to be produced by a. convection cells in the mantle b. oceanic currents c. rotation or the earth d. tidal forces ...
... d. extinct paleo-margin 12. The most likely mechanism causing the crustal plates to move is thought to be produced by a. convection cells in the mantle b. oceanic currents c. rotation or the earth d. tidal forces ...
Slide 1
... Translated from Japanese means “harbor wave”. Not a “tidal wave”. TSUNAMI is a very long wavelength, high-speed ocean wave, produced by earthquakes. Wavelength can be up to 160 km. Velocities reach 800 km/hr (500 mph). Generally imperceptible at sea, crest only 1 m high. Water bunches up when the wa ...
... Translated from Japanese means “harbor wave”. Not a “tidal wave”. TSUNAMI is a very long wavelength, high-speed ocean wave, produced by earthquakes. Wavelength can be up to 160 km. Velocities reach 800 km/hr (500 mph). Generally imperceptible at sea, crest only 1 m high. Water bunches up when the wa ...
Geology Module: Seismic Interior Lecture Outline
... a. Oceanic ridges develop along well-developed boundaries 1. Represent 20 percent of Earth’s surface 2. Rift valleys may develop along the axis b. Along ridges, seafloor spreading creates new seafloor 1. Topographic differences are controlled by spreading rates 2. A spreading rate of 5 to 9 centimet ...
... a. Oceanic ridges develop along well-developed boundaries 1. Represent 20 percent of Earth’s surface 2. Rift valleys may develop along the axis b. Along ridges, seafloor spreading creates new seafloor 1. Topographic differences are controlled by spreading rates 2. A spreading rate of 5 to 9 centimet ...
4 - WMO
... In response to an action agreed by the Expert Team on Satellite Systems at its fifth meeting (ET-SAT-5, 26-29 April 2010) new material has been developed with the aim to replace the current Chapter on Satellite Observations in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO ...
... In response to an action agreed by the Expert Team on Satellite Systems at its fifth meeting (ET-SAT-5, 26-29 April 2010) new material has been developed with the aim to replace the current Chapter on Satellite Observations in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO ...
Ch 3 boundaries, plate techtonics & weathering Slides
... is another major external factor that changes the surface of the earth. ► Erosion is different from weathering because erosion deposits materials from one place to another. ► Four major examples of erosion: ...
... is another major external factor that changes the surface of the earth. ► Erosion is different from weathering because erosion deposits materials from one place to another. ► Four major examples of erosion: ...
Catastrophic Plate Tectonics - Liberty Park, USA Foundation
... challenge is involved, however, because of the extreme gradients in material strength that arise [6, 8]. W.-S. Yang, a graduate student with whom I worked closely, focused much of his Ph.D. thesis research effort at the University of Illinois on finding a robust approach for dealing with such strong ...
... challenge is involved, however, because of the extreme gradients in material strength that arise [6, 8]. W.-S. Yang, a graduate student with whom I worked closely, focused much of his Ph.D. thesis research effort at the University of Illinois on finding a robust approach for dealing with such strong ...
Plate Tectonics Notes
... This is where molten rock reaches the surface, cools, and forms new crust As this new crust forms the magnetic minerals in the crust align in relation to Earth’s current magnetic field Scientists can look at the sea floor to get a history of Earth’s magnetic reversals (we will talk about how this wo ...
... This is where molten rock reaches the surface, cools, and forms new crust As this new crust forms the magnetic minerals in the crust align in relation to Earth’s current magnetic field Scientists can look at the sea floor to get a history of Earth’s magnetic reversals (we will talk about how this wo ...
Plate tectonics
... What is the theory of plate tectonics? The explanation for how the continents move came from observations of seafloor spreading and other effects. In 1967, these ideas were linked in the theory of plate tectonics. According to this theory, the Earth’s crust is like a jigsaw puzzle made up of giant ...
... What is the theory of plate tectonics? The explanation for how the continents move came from observations of seafloor spreading and other effects. In 1967, these ideas were linked in the theory of plate tectonics. According to this theory, the Earth’s crust is like a jigsaw puzzle made up of giant ...
Oreo Cookies and Plate Tectonics
... Amateur geologists can simulate how plates move on the Earth’s surface. The term tectonics originates from the Greek word “tektõn,” referring to a builder or architect. Plate tectonics suggests that large features on Earth’s surface, such as continents, ocean basins, and mountain ranges, result from ...
... Amateur geologists can simulate how plates move on the Earth’s surface. The term tectonics originates from the Greek word “tektõn,” referring to a builder or architect. Plate tectonics suggests that large features on Earth’s surface, such as continents, ocean basins, and mountain ranges, result from ...
Surficial Geology - Landscapes of Indiana by
... The early 20th-century geographer C.R. Dryer referred to the terrain of central Indiana as so monotonous that a visitor to the region "may ride upon the railroad train for hours without seeing a greater elevation than a haystack or a pile of sawdust." Called the Tipton Till Plain , this flat to gent ...
... The early 20th-century geographer C.R. Dryer referred to the terrain of central Indiana as so monotonous that a visitor to the region "may ride upon the railroad train for hours without seeing a greater elevation than a haystack or a pile of sawdust." Called the Tipton Till Plain , this flat to gent ...
Fact Sheet - SharpSchool
... crust is that of a firm body, which explains for the type of changes we see. Plate tectonic theory is based on several assumptions about the tectonic process. First, the new material is producing by sea-floor spreading at the mid-ocean ridges, which once formed become part of a plate, second the sur ...
... crust is that of a firm body, which explains for the type of changes we see. Plate tectonic theory is based on several assumptions about the tectonic process. First, the new material is producing by sea-floor spreading at the mid-ocean ridges, which once formed become part of a plate, second the sur ...
1 Rheology: How Rocks Behave
... mechanics, not rheology. Brittle deformation is when rocks are physically broken by the forces imparted upon them. [Fig. 6.1. Ice in glaciers can flow viscously at Earth’s surface temperatures, but can also ...
... mechanics, not rheology. Brittle deformation is when rocks are physically broken by the forces imparted upon them. [Fig. 6.1. Ice in glaciers can flow viscously at Earth’s surface temperatures, but can also ...
Convection and Seafloor Spreading
... deep within the asthenosphere, heated material expands, becomes less dense, rises, and pushes it way up through ridges. It then moves along the base of oceanic plates, pulling the plates in opposite directions. This concept we call Seafloor Spreading. ...
... deep within the asthenosphere, heated material expands, becomes less dense, rises, and pushes it way up through ridges. It then moves along the base of oceanic plates, pulling the plates in opposite directions. This concept we call Seafloor Spreading. ...
Layers of the Earth - Atlanta Public Schools
... Mountain) thick. • The crust is made up of the continents and the ocean floor. • The crust is thickest under high mountains and thinnest beneath the ocean. • The continental crust consists of rocks such as granite, sandstone, and marble. The oceanic crust consists of basalt. • 0 degrees Fahrenheit t ...
... Mountain) thick. • The crust is made up of the continents and the ocean floor. • The crust is thickest under high mountains and thinnest beneath the ocean. • The continental crust consists of rocks such as granite, sandstone, and marble. The oceanic crust consists of basalt. • 0 degrees Fahrenheit t ...
Plate Tect with graphic organizer
... A Theory of Plate Motion Pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. True or False: The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates. True ...
... A Theory of Plate Motion Pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. True or False: The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates. True ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.