︎PDF - Fabio Crameri
... drivers of mantle convection and plate tectonics [Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Conrad and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2002]. Dynamical implications of subduction zones are, however, not only limited to plate velocities but find also expression in the strongly time-dependent, strongly three-dimensional flow of s ...
... drivers of mantle convection and plate tectonics [Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Conrad and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2002]. Dynamical implications of subduction zones are, however, not only limited to plate velocities but find also expression in the strongly time-dependent, strongly three-dimensional flow of s ...
From Lithospheric Thickening and Divergent Collapse to Active
... This process increases the gravitational potential energy of the thickened lithosphere producing tensile horizontal stresses that may trigger divergent collapse: The gravity-driven flow that reduces lateral variation of gravitational potential energy. As collapse proceeds, the thickened crust tends ...
... This process increases the gravitational potential energy of the thickened lithosphere producing tensile horizontal stresses that may trigger divergent collapse: The gravity-driven flow that reduces lateral variation of gravitational potential energy. As collapse proceeds, the thickened crust tends ...
Evolution of mantle plumes and uplift of continents during the
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
Geosphere - Do plumes exist?
... is subcrustal, and the mantle lithosphere thins proportionally more than the crust, the response is a regional flexural uplift. This mechanism could contribute to uplift of both magmatic and magma-poor margins. Geophysical data show that nonmagmatic margins such as the Iberia Abyssal Plain are chara ...
... is subcrustal, and the mantle lithosphere thins proportionally more than the crust, the response is a regional flexural uplift. This mechanism could contribute to uplift of both magmatic and magma-poor margins. Geophysical data show that nonmagmatic margins such as the Iberia Abyssal Plain are chara ...
Petrology and tectonics of Phanerozoic continent formation: From
... be linked in space and time. Subduction of the Farallon plate beneath North America during the Triassic to early Cretaceous was characterized by trench retreat and slab rollback because old and cold oceanic lithosphere was being subducted. This generated an extensional subduction zone, which created ...
... be linked in space and time. Subduction of the Farallon plate beneath North America during the Triassic to early Cretaceous was characterized by trench retreat and slab rollback because old and cold oceanic lithosphere was being subducted. This generated an extensional subduction zone, which created ...
New Zealand`s Continental Shelf and UNCLOS
... Prompted by the desire to settle, in a spirit of mutual understanding and co-operation, all issues relating to the law of the sea, the international community has adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention establishes the concept of the exclusive economic zo ...
... Prompted by the desire to settle, in a spirit of mutual understanding and co-operation, all issues relating to the law of the sea, the international community has adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention establishes the concept of the exclusive economic zo ...
Second
U.S.
Ocean
Acidification
Principal
Investigators'
Meeting
Gallaudet
University's
Kellogg
Conference
Center,
Washington,
DC
... estimated $1.9 trillion per year. Their high rates of carbon assimilation may reduce local pCO2 levels by >50% during daytime. As a result seagrasses sequester “blue carbon”, storing as much as 19.9 Pg of organic carbon in the form of anaerobic, organic‐rich loams. They are responsible for an ...
... estimated $1.9 trillion per year. Their high rates of carbon assimilation may reduce local pCO2 levels by >50% during daytime. As a result seagrasses sequester “blue carbon”, storing as much as 19.9 Pg of organic carbon in the form of anaerobic, organic‐rich loams. They are responsible for an ...
Biological and physical processes in and around Astoria submarine
... beginning just 16 km west of the mouth of the Columbia River along the northern Oregon and southern Washington coasts. During the summer of 2001, physical, chemical, and biological measurements in the canyon were taken to better understand the hydrodynamic setting of, and the feeding relationships a ...
... beginning just 16 km west of the mouth of the Columbia River along the northern Oregon and southern Washington coasts. During the summer of 2001, physical, chemical, and biological measurements in the canyon were taken to better understand the hydrodynamic setting of, and the feeding relationships a ...
evidence from Th, Sr and Pb isotope data for Tonga
... are produced when these fluids reach mantle that is hot enough to melt. However, the rate at which these processes occur are not well understood. Recent ...
... are produced when these fluids reach mantle that is hot enough to melt. However, the rate at which these processes occur are not well understood. Recent ...
Physics and Chemistry of Deep Continental Crust
... caused by decompression in the upwelling legs of solid-state mantle convection or by volatile flux melting in subduction zones. Owing to their low densities, liquids rise upward to form basaltic crust, which makes up most of the seafloor on Earth and the crusts of other rocky planets. Generating Ear ...
... caused by decompression in the upwelling legs of solid-state mantle convection or by volatile flux melting in subduction zones. Owing to their low densities, liquids rise upward to form basaltic crust, which makes up most of the seafloor on Earth and the crusts of other rocky planets. Generating Ear ...
The Volume and Composition of Melt Generated
... an accurate initial geotherm, and knowledge of the variation and composition of the melt fraction as a function of pressure and temperature. The relevant geophysical observations are outlined, and geotherms then obtained from parameterized convective models. Experimental observations which constrain ...
... an accurate initial geotherm, and knowledge of the variation and composition of the melt fraction as a function of pressure and temperature. The relevant geophysical observations are outlined, and geotherms then obtained from parameterized convective models. Experimental observations which constrain ...
Reference crust-mantle density contrast beneath Antarctica based
... (Pavlis et al., 2007) complete to spherical harmonic degree 180. The average density of upper continental crust 2,670 kg/m3 (Hinze, 2003) was adopted as reference crust density. The ocean density contrast 1,643 kg/m3 corresponds to mean seawater density 1,027 kg/m3, Updated 5×5 arc-min ice-thickness ...
... (Pavlis et al., 2007) complete to spherical harmonic degree 180. The average density of upper continental crust 2,670 kg/m3 (Hinze, 2003) was adopted as reference crust density. The ocean density contrast 1,643 kg/m3 corresponds to mean seawater density 1,027 kg/m3, Updated 5×5 arc-min ice-thickness ...
The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its
... Subducted sediments play an important role in arc magmatism and crust–mantle recycling. Models of continental growth, continental composition, convergent margin magmatism and mantle heterogeneity all require a better understanding of the mass and chemical fluxes associated with subducting sediments. ...
... Subducted sediments play an important role in arc magmatism and crust–mantle recycling. Models of continental growth, continental composition, convergent margin magmatism and mantle heterogeneity all require a better understanding of the mass and chemical fluxes associated with subducting sediments. ...
The gravity field of Borneo and its region
... equivalent to those obtained with shipborne gravity meters after latitude corrections have been applied. The Earth ellipsoid model to which geoidal heights are referenced effectively latitude-corrects satellite gravity values, which therefore include the effects of all subsea masses, whether geologi ...
... equivalent to those obtained with shipborne gravity meters after latitude corrections have been applied. The Earth ellipsoid model to which geoidal heights are referenced effectively latitude-corrects satellite gravity values, which therefore include the effects of all subsea masses, whether geologi ...
Geophysical Journal International - E
... Martinez Poyatos et al. 2012). In the Betics domain the crustal thickness values vary sharply from 38 km beneath the Granada basin down to 22 km in the east, close to the Mediterranean coast (Banda et al. 1983). Along the contact between the External and Internal Zones from the Granada basin towards ...
... Martinez Poyatos et al. 2012). In the Betics domain the crustal thickness values vary sharply from 38 km beneath the Granada basin down to 22 km in the east, close to the Mediterranean coast (Banda et al. 1983). Along the contact between the External and Internal Zones from the Granada basin towards ...
C085.08 Report Definitief Biodiversity of the High Seas
... Wageningen IMARES provides strategic and applied ecological investigation related to ecological and economic developments. ...
... Wageningen IMARES provides strategic and applied ecological investigation related to ecological and economic developments. ...
Izu detachment hypothesis: A proposal of a unified cause for... event and the Tokai slow event
... also presented a new model with a deflation source beneath the mid-point of the dike at a depth of 20 km. In this model, the dike extends at depths between 5 and 15 km in a length of 20 km with 10 m opening (intrusion of 2 km3 ). The deflation source below has a volume of 1.5 km3 . They preferred th ...
... also presented a new model with a deflation source beneath the mid-point of the dike at a depth of 20 km. In this model, the dike extends at depths between 5 and 15 km in a length of 20 km with 10 m opening (intrusion of 2 km3 ). The deflation source below has a volume of 1.5 km3 . They preferred th ...
Melting Relations of MORB^Sediment Me
... silica and alkalis on the one hand, and with more radiogenic Sr and less radiogenic Nd on the other, is expected. For the case of an intra-crustal origin (basalt-fluxed models), a localized source within the continental crust will evolve to more refractory compositions as a result of the continuous ...
... silica and alkalis on the one hand, and with more radiogenic Sr and less radiogenic Nd on the other, is expected. For the case of an intra-crustal origin (basalt-fluxed models), a localized source within the continental crust will evolve to more refractory compositions as a result of the continuous ...
sample test
... b. rock samples. c. liquid iron. d. volcanic eruption. 2. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by a. measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface. b. estimating temperature inside earth. c. directly looking under the many layers. d. recording and studying seismic waves. 3. ...
... b. rock samples. c. liquid iron. d. volcanic eruption. 2. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by a. measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface. b. estimating temperature inside earth. c. directly looking under the many layers. d. recording and studying seismic waves. 3. ...
Leseane_okstate_0664M_13248
... [Whaler and Hautot, 2006]. Similar results have been observed beneath the Rio Grande Rift from EarthScope MT imaging found strong conductors in the lower crust at ~20 km depth comparable to conductivities observed in other tectonically-active areas around the world [Feucht et al., 2013; Jones et al. ...
... [Whaler and Hautot, 2006]. Similar results have been observed beneath the Rio Grande Rift from EarthScope MT imaging found strong conductors in the lower crust at ~20 km depth comparable to conductivities observed in other tectonically-active areas around the world [Feucht et al., 2013; Jones et al. ...
Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86
... sediment core-top dataset is biased toward the South Atlantic and dominated by continental margin sediments, it encompasses the entire range of temperatures and various geographic provinces. Sediment core tops also include a large range of water depths: epipelagic (38), mesopelagic (42), bathypelagi ...
... sediment core-top dataset is biased toward the South Atlantic and dominated by continental margin sediments, it encompasses the entire range of temperatures and various geographic provinces. Sediment core tops also include a large range of water depths: epipelagic (38), mesopelagic (42), bathypelagi ...
scientific synthesis on the impacts of ocean fertilization on
... Large scale fertilization of the oceans using micronutrients such as iron has been the subject of recent commercial interest as a potential strategy for carbon sequestration. This interest, and the insufficient knowledge about the efficacy and potential environmental impacts of such sequestration ac ...
... Large scale fertilization of the oceans using micronutrients such as iron has been the subject of recent commercial interest as a potential strategy for carbon sequestration. This interest, and the insufficient knowledge about the efficacy and potential environmental impacts of such sequestration ac ...
Contents and Preface
... the continental lithosphere, affected by a much longer geological evolution and characterized by significant heterogeneity in both its crustal and mantle components. By now, the lithosphere is probably the best studied part of the plate-tectonics system. Seismic tomography has led to the realization ...
... the continental lithosphere, affected by a much longer geological evolution and characterized by significant heterogeneity in both its crustal and mantle components. By now, the lithosphere is probably the best studied part of the plate-tectonics system. Seismic tomography has led to the realization ...
Rheology and strength of the lithosphere - Evgueni Burov
... Mechanical properties of lithosphere are of primary importance for interpretation of deformation at all spatial and time scales, from local scale to large-scale geodynamics and from seismic time scale to billions of years. Depending on loading conditions and time scale, lithosphere exhibits elastic, ...
... Mechanical properties of lithosphere are of primary importance for interpretation of deformation at all spatial and time scales, from local scale to large-scale geodynamics and from seismic time scale to billions of years. Depending on loading conditions and time scale, lithosphere exhibits elastic, ...
Moho and magmatic underplating
... to form magma that, after solidification, will have the characteristic low average density of the crystalline basement (Arndt, this volume; Hawkesworth et al., this volume). The continental crust is subsequently affected by a variety of tectonic, erosional, depositional and metamorphic processes, whi ...
... to form magma that, after solidification, will have the characteristic low average density of the crystalline basement (Arndt, this volume; Hawkesworth et al., this volume). The continental crust is subsequently affected by a variety of tectonic, erosional, depositional and metamorphic processes, whi ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.