UK SeaMap 2010
... since this variable drives many of the habitat predictions. The combination of confidence in boundaries and quality of the seabed substrata data gives an overall confidence map to accompany the predictive habitat map. The predictive seabed habitat map shows the distribution of 44 habitats across ove ...
... since this variable drives many of the habitat predictions. The combination of confidence in boundaries and quality of the seabed substrata data gives an overall confidence map to accompany the predictive habitat map. The predictive seabed habitat map shows the distribution of 44 habitats across ove ...
Softening of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle by
... km-scale gabbroic cumulate bodies and m-scale gabbroic and basaltic dykes, and were exposed on the seafloor, where they were discontinuously covered by MORB lava flows and Upper Jurassic radiolarian cherts (Piccardo et al., 2004a,b, and references therein). The occurrence of primary melts with typic ...
... km-scale gabbroic cumulate bodies and m-scale gabbroic and basaltic dykes, and were exposed on the seafloor, where they were discontinuously covered by MORB lava flows and Upper Jurassic radiolarian cherts (Piccardo et al., 2004a,b, and references therein). The occurrence of primary melts with typic ...
Iodine chemistry reflects productivity and denitrification in the
... surface layer (WOSL) where iodide concentrations were in the range of 158–558 nM, and (2) the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) where total iodine concentrations [primarily as iodide and in excess to the oceanic iodine/salinity ratio of B13] varied from B200 to 950 nM. Iodine data in the WOSL of the Arabian ...
... surface layer (WOSL) where iodide concentrations were in the range of 158–558 nM, and (2) the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) where total iodine concentrations [primarily as iodide and in excess to the oceanic iodine/salinity ratio of B13] varied from B200 to 950 nM. Iodine data in the WOSL of the Arabian ...
583 RADIOCARBON IN THE WATER COLUMN OF THE
... Radiocarbon enters the ocean through air-sea CO2 gas exchange, with an equilibration time of 7 to 10 yr. It mainly exists as dissolved inorganic carbonic acid in seawater. Due to its radioactive decay, dissolved inorganic 14C (DI14C) in the ocean decreases from the time it enters the ocean, allowing ...
... Radiocarbon enters the ocean through air-sea CO2 gas exchange, with an equilibration time of 7 to 10 yr. It mainly exists as dissolved inorganic carbonic acid in seawater. Due to its radioactive decay, dissolved inorganic 14C (DI14C) in the ocean decreases from the time it enters the ocean, allowing ...
pdf version - Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
... Advection of the composition field is simulated using the ratio tracer method [Tackley and King, 2003]. There are, on average, 20 tracers in each element which results in 63, 315, and 700 million tracers in the low, medium, and high-resolution models, respectively. The conservation equations (1–3) ...
... Advection of the composition field is simulated using the ratio tracer method [Tackley and King, 2003]. There are, on average, 20 tracers in each element which results in 63, 315, and 700 million tracers in the low, medium, and high-resolution models, respectively. The conservation equations (1–3) ...
Effects of natural and anthropogenic processes in the distribution of
... The first systematic disposal of anthropogenic waste reaching deep waters dates from the end of the 18th century, with the start of the use of steam engines. For 150 years, the residues of burnt charcoal (clinker) used to power ship engines were dumped overboard, sinking along shipping lines to the ...
... The first systematic disposal of anthropogenic waste reaching deep waters dates from the end of the 18th century, with the start of the use of steam engines. For 150 years, the residues of burnt charcoal (clinker) used to power ship engines were dumped overboard, sinking along shipping lines to the ...
︎PDF - Fabio Crameri
... [Bercovici, 1998; Regenauer-Lieb, 1998], shear heating [Yuen et al., 1978; Crameri and Kaus, 2010; Thielmann and Kaus, 2012], or pore fluid pressure [Dymkova and Gerya, 2013]. The addition of water or melt into the lithosphere also has a weakening effect [Hirth and Kohlstedt, 2003]. Once subduction ...
... [Bercovici, 1998; Regenauer-Lieb, 1998], shear heating [Yuen et al., 1978; Crameri and Kaus, 2010; Thielmann and Kaus, 2012], or pore fluid pressure [Dymkova and Gerya, 2013]. The addition of water or melt into the lithosphere also has a weakening effect [Hirth and Kohlstedt, 2003]. Once subduction ...
science china - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
... magmatic flux. Other geophysical methods, such as calculating the crustal thickness from topography or gravity data and calculating the crustal age from magnetic anomalies and plate reconstructions, have become the primary means of investigation [6, 11]. Compared with the East Pacific Rise and Mid-A ...
... magmatic flux. Other geophysical methods, such as calculating the crustal thickness from topography or gravity data and calculating the crustal age from magnetic anomalies and plate reconstructions, have become the primary means of investigation [6, 11]. Compared with the East Pacific Rise and Mid-A ...
Dayem, K. E., G. A. Houseman, and P. Molnar (2009), Localization of shear along a lithospheric strength
... stress relative to viscous stress. Increasing concentration of shear occurs as the indentation develops without weakening because of a change in material properties. Additional localization develops with the inclusion of strain-dependent weakening associated with, for instance, a temperature increas ...
... stress relative to viscous stress. Increasing concentration of shear occurs as the indentation develops without weakening because of a change in material properties. Additional localization develops with the inclusion of strain-dependent weakening associated with, for instance, a temperature increas ...
accepted manuscript
... exhumation mechanisms as well, since different processes and contexts potentially result in different styles of deformation and, hence, in different exhumation P-T-t paths. In particular, based on the analysis of metamorphic data (Ernst, 2010) it has been suggested that two main types of continental ...
... exhumation mechanisms as well, since different processes and contexts potentially result in different styles of deformation and, hence, in different exhumation P-T-t paths. In particular, based on the analysis of metamorphic data (Ernst, 2010) it has been suggested that two main types of continental ...
Mechanisms of continental subduction and exhumation of HP and
... 2009). However, both, the mechanisms of continental convergence and of exhumation of HP/UHP material are still very much in debate, and the ideas on the interpretation of metamorphic data and mechanisms of convergence require further investigation. In particular, for each given context it should be ...
... 2009). However, both, the mechanisms of continental convergence and of exhumation of HP/UHP material are still very much in debate, and the ideas on the interpretation of metamorphic data and mechanisms of convergence require further investigation. In particular, for each given context it should be ...
Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine
... 1. The controversial fate of Alpine Tethys Ever since Steinmann (1905) tried to relate the oceanic affinity of Alpine ophiolites to Alpine folding, a major challenge of Mediterranean geology has been to understand the fate of ocean basins preserved in the circum-Mediterranean mountain belts—how they ...
... 1. The controversial fate of Alpine Tethys Ever since Steinmann (1905) tried to relate the oceanic affinity of Alpine ophiolites to Alpine folding, a major challenge of Mediterranean geology has been to understand the fate of ocean basins preserved in the circum-Mediterranean mountain belts—how they ...
Author`s personal copy - Freie Universität Berlin
... Ever since Steinmann (1905) tried to relate the oceanic affinity of Alpine ophiolites to Alpine folding, a major challenge of Mediterranean geology has been to understand the fate of ocean basins preserved in the circum-Mediterranean mountain belts—how they formed, their size and, finally, how they we ...
... Ever since Steinmann (1905) tried to relate the oceanic affinity of Alpine ophiolites to Alpine folding, a major challenge of Mediterranean geology has been to understand the fate of ocean basins preserved in the circum-Mediterranean mountain belts—how they formed, their size and, finally, how they we ...
Back-arc strain in subduction zones: Statistical observations versus
... Upper plate retreat (advance) with respect to the trench increases extension (compression) in the arc lithosphere and increases (decreases) the subducting plate dip. Our modeling confirms the statistical kinematic relationship between vsub and vup that describes the transition from extensional to co ...
... Upper plate retreat (advance) with respect to the trench increases extension (compression) in the arc lithosphere and increases (decreases) the subducting plate dip. Our modeling confirms the statistical kinematic relationship between vsub and vup that describes the transition from extensional to co ...
Geochemical evidence for interaction between oceanic crust and
... eastern China volcanic belt. A close spatial relationship between Paleogene basalts and sedimentary basins in eastern China suggests that Cenozoic basaltic magmatism was probably associated with extension and thinning of the lithosphere along the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent (Ma and Wu, 19 ...
... eastern China volcanic belt. A close spatial relationship between Paleogene basalts and sedimentary basins in eastern China suggests that Cenozoic basaltic magmatism was probably associated with extension and thinning of the lithosphere along the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent (Ma and Wu, 19 ...
Palaeocene–Recent plate boundaries in the NE Atlantic and the
... might have been precluded by various ridge propagations and/or short-lived triple junctions NE and possibly SW of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from the inception of sea-floor spreading (54 Ma) to C18 (40 Ma). Our model implies a series of failed ridges offshore the Faeroe Islands, a northern propaga ...
... might have been precluded by various ridge propagations and/or short-lived triple junctions NE and possibly SW of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from the inception of sea-floor spreading (54 Ma) to C18 (40 Ma). Our model implies a series of failed ridges offshore the Faeroe Islands, a northern propaga ...
Structure of the crust beneath Cameroon, West Africa, from the joint
... A single station method was used for measuring the group velocities based on the multiple filter method of Dziewonski et al. (1969). Prior to making the measurements, the quality of each seismogram was checked and the instrument effect was removed. The group velocity measurements were added to the d ...
... A single station method was used for measuring the group velocities based on the multiple filter method of Dziewonski et al. (1969). Prior to making the measurements, the quality of each seismogram was checked and the instrument effect was removed. The group velocity measurements were added to the d ...
origin of iron-rich montmorillonite from the manganese nodule belt of
... Abstract--Clay minerals in the upper 50 cm of sediment that surround the Cu- and Ni-rich manganese nodules in the North Equatorial Pacific form two fractions: terrigenous (mostly eolian) illite, chlorite, and kaolinite, and authigenic smectite. Smectite increases with depth in box cores from 26 to 3 ...
... Abstract--Clay minerals in the upper 50 cm of sediment that surround the Cu- and Ni-rich manganese nodules in the North Equatorial Pacific form two fractions: terrigenous (mostly eolian) illite, chlorite, and kaolinite, and authigenic smectite. Smectite increases with depth in box cores from 26 to 3 ...
Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large
... (see Table 1 in Appendix A; Fig. 1) are from the intersection of Vogt’s [22,23] long list (117), a modification of Burke and Wilson’s [1] original list, and five more recently published shorter lists [2,21,28–30]. Many of the primary hotspots have been active over the past 1 Myr [31], and comparison ...
... (see Table 1 in Appendix A; Fig. 1) are from the intersection of Vogt’s [22,23] long list (117), a modification of Burke and Wilson’s [1] original list, and five more recently published shorter lists [2,21,28–30]. Many of the primary hotspots have been active over the past 1 Myr [31], and comparison ...
Study in support of Impact Assessment work for ocean energy
... Creating an overview of the licences granted within the national jurisdiction area of individual states’ EEZ is more difficult as there is not a single source or database where this information can be gathered from. Extensive desk-research and interviews have been carried out to collect the relevant ...
... Creating an overview of the licences granted within the national jurisdiction area of individual states’ EEZ is more difficult as there is not a single source or database where this information can be gathered from. Extensive desk-research and interviews have been carried out to collect the relevant ...
Annex 5 Ongoing and planned activity
... Creating an overview of the licences granted within the national jurisdiction area of individual states’ EEZ is more difficult as there is not a single source or database where this information can be gathered from. Extensive desk-research and interviews have been carried out to collect the relevant ...
... Creating an overview of the licences granted within the national jurisdiction area of individual states’ EEZ is more difficult as there is not a single source or database where this information can be gathered from. Extensive desk-research and interviews have been carried out to collect the relevant ...
Potential Deep-Sea Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulfides: A Case
... Mineral resources are becoming increasing difficult to extract on land, and recent research in the deep-sea has identified rich ore deposits that may be economically extractable through the development of a deep-sea mining industry within the next decade (Fujita, 2001). Deep-sea mining (DSM) explora ...
... Mineral resources are becoming increasing difficult to extract on land, and recent research in the deep-sea has identified rich ore deposits that may be economically extractable through the development of a deep-sea mining industry within the next decade (Fujita, 2001). Deep-sea mining (DSM) explora ...
Origins of the lower crustal reflectivity in the L¨utzow
... 1997 austral summer season, by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE). In the austral summer of 2000, deep seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection probing was conducted by JARE-41 on the continental ice sheet of the northern Mizuho Plateau in the LHC as the SEAL-2000 experiment (Fig. 1). ...
... 1997 austral summer season, by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE). In the austral summer of 2000, deep seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection probing was conducted by JARE-41 on the continental ice sheet of the northern Mizuho Plateau in the LHC as the SEAL-2000 experiment (Fig. 1). ...
Ecosystem Goods and Services of the Deep Sea
... 1. Introduction The deep sea, defined as water and sea floor areas below 200 meters, comprises 90% of the biosphere, but until recently humans knew relatively little about it. Since little or no light penetrates to these depths, it had been assumed that deep-sea life was sparse. But in fact life is ...
... 1. Introduction The deep sea, defined as water and sea floor areas below 200 meters, comprises 90% of the biosphere, but until recently humans knew relatively little about it. Since little or no light penetrates to these depths, it had been assumed that deep-sea life was sparse. But in fact life is ...
Lithospheric deformation during the early stages of continental
... lithosphere at the plate boundaries [e.g., Wilson, 1965]. At convergent ocean-continent or ocean-ocean plate boundaries, for example, geological and geophysical observation suggests that collision is accommodated by coherent subduction of one plate beneath the other along a discrete shear zone. Whil ...
... lithosphere at the plate boundaries [e.g., Wilson, 1965]. At convergent ocean-continent or ocean-ocean plate boundaries, for example, geological and geophysical observation suggests that collision is accommodated by coherent subduction of one plate beneath the other along a discrete shear zone. Whil ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.