Essential Standard Marine Biology
... M.B.2.1.1 Identify the different layers of the earth and describe how the asthenosphere affects the movement of tectonic plates M.B 2.1.2 Describe the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Students will identify the evidence supporting Wegener's theory of continental drift M.B 2.1.3 Descr ...
... M.B.2.1.1 Identify the different layers of the earth and describe how the asthenosphere affects the movement of tectonic plates M.B 2.1.2 Describe the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Students will identify the evidence supporting Wegener's theory of continental drift M.B 2.1.3 Descr ...
Lecture 46
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
Geology - Central Washington University Geological Sciences
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
Plate Tectonics - ESL Consulting Services
... addressed. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grade 8.) 6. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently as well as to interact and collabor ...
... addressed. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grade 8.) 6. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently as well as to interact and collabor ...
Crustal Structure at the Continental Margin South of South Africa
... for the gravity interpretation are the Agulhas Arch antiform of Palaeozoic and Precambrian rocks (Gentle 1970), the Agulhas marginal fracture ridge (Scrutton & du Plessis 1973) and the Mallory Seamount chain. Isopachs of sediment thickness over the Agulhas Arch show the extent of the basement outcro ...
... for the gravity interpretation are the Agulhas Arch antiform of Palaeozoic and Precambrian rocks (Gentle 1970), the Agulhas marginal fracture ridge (Scrutton & du Plessis 1973) and the Mallory Seamount chain. Isopachs of sediment thickness over the Agulhas Arch show the extent of the basement outcro ...
Lithospheric Layering in the North American Craton
... have made common conversion point (CCP) stacked Ps and Sp receiver function image volumes to determine, in more detail and higher resolution than previously obtained, the crustal thickness and the depth to the Moho and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) throughout the Western U.S. Individual r ...
... have made common conversion point (CCP) stacked Ps and Sp receiver function image volumes to determine, in more detail and higher resolution than previously obtained, the crustal thickness and the depth to the Moho and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) throughout the Western U.S. Individual r ...
Regionality of deep low-frequency earthquakes associated with
... and a phase diagram of water dehydration for oceanic basalt, the water dehydration rate (wt.%/km), which was newly defined in this study, was determined to be 0.19, 0.12, and 0.08 in western Shikoku, the Kii Peninsula, and eastern Kyushu, respectively; that is, the region beneath eastern Kyushu has t ...
... and a phase diagram of water dehydration for oceanic basalt, the water dehydration rate (wt.%/km), which was newly defined in this study, was determined to be 0.19, 0.12, and 0.08 in western Shikoku, the Kii Peninsula, and eastern Kyushu, respectively; that is, the region beneath eastern Kyushu has t ...
The structure and dynamics of the mantle wedge
... Subduction zones are the dominant tectonic features of the Earth. They form the location of the major underthrusting earthquakes, explosive arc volcanism and are the only sites of deep earthquakes in the Earth’s mantle. The role of subduction zones in the plate tectonic framework is reasonably well ...
... Subduction zones are the dominant tectonic features of the Earth. They form the location of the major underthrusting earthquakes, explosive arc volcanism and are the only sites of deep earthquakes in the Earth’s mantle. The role of subduction zones in the plate tectonic framework is reasonably well ...
Durham Research Online
... the style of subduction. The resulting models can be subdivided into two end-members: break-off and delamination. [10] In both cases the dynamics prior to continental collision is similar: the oceanic subduction occurs, the slab rolls back causing trench retreating. Then, subduction velocity sharply ...
... the style of subduction. The resulting models can be subdivided into two end-members: break-off and delamination. [10] In both cases the dynamics prior to continental collision is similar: the oceanic subduction occurs, the slab rolls back causing trench retreating. Then, subduction velocity sharply ...
Conductivity distribution and seismicity in the northeastern Japan Arc Yukio Fujinawa
... In the Miyagi-ken-hokubu region, large earthquakes have occurred twice during the 20th century. The zone is characterized as conductive and has a local maximum of Poisson ratio, suggesting a relatively fluid-rich state. Moreover, the V p is found to be largest in the area thus indicating the rather ...
... In the Miyagi-ken-hokubu region, large earthquakes have occurred twice during the 20th century. The zone is characterized as conductive and has a local maximum of Poisson ratio, suggesting a relatively fluid-rich state. Moreover, the V p is found to be largest in the area thus indicating the rather ...
AMS Ocean Studies
... • Persistent chemicals enter food chains and move from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level increasing in concentration along the way. – For many years mercury in industrial wastes dumped into Minamata Bay, Japan, was converted by bacteria to highly toxic methyl mercury, taken up by aq ...
... • Persistent chemicals enter food chains and move from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level increasing in concentration along the way. – For many years mercury in industrial wastes dumped into Minamata Bay, Japan, was converted by bacteria to highly toxic methyl mercury, taken up by aq ...
Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides 1A - SPC
... Due to the lower density of this evolved seawater, it rises rapidly to the sea floor, where most of it is expelled into the overlying water column as focused flow at chimney vent sites. The dissolved metals precipitate when the fluid mixes with cold seawater. Much of the metal is transported in the ...
... Due to the lower density of this evolved seawater, it rises rapidly to the sea floor, where most of it is expelled into the overlying water column as focused flow at chimney vent sites. The dissolved metals precipitate when the fluid mixes with cold seawater. Much of the metal is transported in the ...
Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc
... Seismic tomography studies in the northeastern Japan arc have revealed the existence of an inclined sheet-like seismic lowvelocity and high-attenuation zone in the mantle wedge at depths shallower than about 150 km. This sheet-like low-velocity, high-attenuation zone is oriented sub-parallel to the ...
... Seismic tomography studies in the northeastern Japan arc have revealed the existence of an inclined sheet-like seismic lowvelocity and high-attenuation zone in the mantle wedge at depths shallower than about 150 km. This sheet-like low-velocity, high-attenuation zone is oriented sub-parallel to the ...
hall_church_comments
... that the less fractionated part of the stratiform unit is younger than the more fractionated part謡 hich it nevertheless underlies. In this respect the plutonic series likely correlates with either the older low-Ti series of the BG and LPL, or with the younger low-Ti series of the UPL. I am not aware ...
... that the less fractionated part of the stratiform unit is younger than the more fractionated part謡 hich it nevertheless underlies. In this respect the plutonic series likely correlates with either the older low-Ti series of the BG and LPL, or with the younger low-Ti series of the UPL. I am not aware ...
MS-640 - senna.indd - Sociedade Brasileira de Carcinologia
... ly are collected by midwater trawls or baited traps (Bousfield, 1982; Barnard and Karaman, 1991). Stoddart and Lowry (2004) comment that the Eurytheneidae appear to be the sister taxon to the Hirondellea-group, in the most basal clade within the Lysianassoidea Dana, 1849, also with Opisidae Lowry an ...
... ly are collected by midwater trawls or baited traps (Bousfield, 1982; Barnard and Karaman, 1991). Stoddart and Lowry (2004) comment that the Eurytheneidae appear to be the sister taxon to the Hirondellea-group, in the most basal clade within the Lysianassoidea Dana, 1849, also with Opisidae Lowry an ...
Iceland is cool: An origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the
... 4. The volumetric melt anomaly How much excess melt is there in the Iceland region? The seismic crustal thickness beneath the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe ridge is typically ~ 30 ± 5 km, contrasting sharply with the ~ 10 km crustal thickness that characterizes the north Atlantic oceanic crust elsewhere ...
... 4. The volumetric melt anomaly How much excess melt is there in the Iceland region? The seismic crustal thickness beneath the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe ridge is typically ~ 30 ± 5 km, contrasting sharply with the ~ 10 km crustal thickness that characterizes the north Atlantic oceanic crust elsewhere ...
Plateau uplift in western Canada caused by lithospheric
... the shear-wave velocities beneath other tectonically active regions, such as the northern Canadian Cordillera and the Basin and Range, are significantly lower than here (Supplementary Fig. 8), further ...
... the shear-wave velocities beneath other tectonically active regions, such as the northern Canadian Cordillera and the Basin and Range, are significantly lower than here (Supplementary Fig. 8), further ...
Plate Tectonics - North Coast Distance Education
... OF PLATE TECTONICS The plate tectonics theory was developed during the early 1960s, when new instruments permitted scientists to map the topography of the ocean floor and to study its geologic and paleomagnetic characteristics. Although the theory of continental drift was supported by some convincin ...
... OF PLATE TECTONICS The plate tectonics theory was developed during the early 1960s, when new instruments permitted scientists to map the topography of the ocean floor and to study its geologic and paleomagnetic characteristics. Although the theory of continental drift was supported by some convincin ...
The continent marginal crust characteristic of nothern South China
... differences between these models are different extension mechanical and igneous activity. The previous studies suggest the north and south margins of the SCS was an asymmetric conjugated pair and the north part can be classified as non-volcanic margin (Yan et al., 2001). No matter which model, the f ...
... differences between these models are different extension mechanical and igneous activity. The previous studies suggest the north and south margins of the SCS was an asymmetric conjugated pair and the north part can be classified as non-volcanic margin (Yan et al., 2001). No matter which model, the f ...
Far-reaching transient motions after Mojave
... compared to those calculated by models of viscoelastic flow and afterslip within narrow shear zones. Stations within 20 km of the Landers and Hector Mine rupture surfaces have been excluded from this comparison (see auxiliary material Figure S3 for near-field displacements). SAF: San Andreas Fault. ...
... compared to those calculated by models of viscoelastic flow and afterslip within narrow shear zones. Stations within 20 km of the Landers and Hector Mine rupture surfaces have been excluded from this comparison (see auxiliary material Figure S3 for near-field displacements). SAF: San Andreas Fault. ...
press kit
... a wide range of planktonic organisms, exploring their interactions - mainly parasitic, and how they impact and are affected by their environment, primarily the temperature. Based on a portion of the 35000 samples collected from all the world’s oceans during the 2009-2013 expedition on board the scho ...
... a wide range of planktonic organisms, exploring their interactions - mainly parasitic, and how they impact and are affected by their environment, primarily the temperature. Based on a portion of the 35000 samples collected from all the world’s oceans during the 2009-2013 expedition on board the scho ...
6.19 The Oceanic CaCO3 Cycle - Earth and Environmental Sciences
... 3 ion content. In contrast, the low-PO4content waters reaching in the northern Atlantic have CO2 partial pressures well below that in the atmosphere and hence they absorb CO2. This reduces their CO22 3 concentration. Hence, it is the transfer of CO2 from surface waters in the Southern Ocean to surfa ...
... 3 ion content. In contrast, the low-PO4content waters reaching in the northern Atlantic have CO2 partial pressures well below that in the atmosphere and hence they absorb CO2. This reduces their CO22 3 concentration. Hence, it is the transfer of CO2 from surface waters in the Southern Ocean to surfa ...
discovery - CiteSeerX
... 3.2. The Mesozoic - Cainozoic flooding of the continents’ frontier areas To the middle of the XX century the convincing evidence was obtained that continents of Earth have long history of geological development and hold long steady position in space. From other party there were data about young, the ...
... 3.2. The Mesozoic - Cainozoic flooding of the continents’ frontier areas To the middle of the XX century the convincing evidence was obtained that continents of Earth have long history of geological development and hold long steady position in space. From other party there were data about young, the ...
Earth and Environmental Science 2007 HSC
... atmosphere that made conditions suitable for the eventual development of life on land? (A) Ozone was produced by primitive marine organisms. (B) Metazoans in the oceans produced atmospheric oxygen. (C) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased. (D) Photochemical reactions in the u ...
... atmosphere that made conditions suitable for the eventual development of life on land? (A) Ozone was produced by primitive marine organisms. (B) Metazoans in the oceans produced atmospheric oxygen. (C) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased. (D) Photochemical reactions in the u ...
PDF
... shelves and within the subpolar gyre, confirming recent satellite-based assessments of surface CDOM distribution. Within the ocean interior, CDOM abundances were relatively high (0.1–0.2 m1 absorption coefficient at 325 nm) except in the subtropical mode water, where a local minimum exists due to the ...
... shelves and within the subpolar gyre, confirming recent satellite-based assessments of surface CDOM distribution. Within the ocean interior, CDOM abundances were relatively high (0.1–0.2 m1 absorption coefficient at 325 nm) except in the subtropical mode water, where a local minimum exists due to the ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.