Exploration Technologies for the Utilization of Ocean Floor Resources
... and nickel are also high and platinum is contained in addition, which makes economical values of cobalt-rich crust very high. In the adjacent waters within 200 nautical miles, manganese crust and hydrothermal ore deposits exist in a large quantity, but these deposits contain less cobalt and platinum ...
... and nickel are also high and platinum is contained in addition, which makes economical values of cobalt-rich crust very high. In the adjacent waters within 200 nautical miles, manganese crust and hydrothermal ore deposits exist in a large quantity, but these deposits contain less cobalt and platinum ...
essentials-of-oceanography-10th-edition-trujillo-test
... 63) How is the age of the ocean sediments related to the distance from a mid-ocean ridge? Answer: Since mid-ocean ridges are constructive plate boundaries where new crust is formed as the plates diverge, the newest crust is at the spreading center in the mid-ocean ridge and as you move away from th ...
... 63) How is the age of the ocean sediments related to the distance from a mid-ocean ridge? Answer: Since mid-ocean ridges are constructive plate boundaries where new crust is formed as the plates diverge, the newest crust is at the spreading center in the mid-ocean ridge and as you move away from th ...
Distributed deformation in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath
... should occur over a comparable width. Previous studies of upper mantle anisotropy beneath Marlborough using both teleseismic SKS (Klosko et al., 1999) and deep New Zealand subduction-zone earthquakes (Audoine et al., 2000) find that pervasive shear in the upper mantle accommodates the relative motio ...
... should occur over a comparable width. Previous studies of upper mantle anisotropy beneath Marlborough using both teleseismic SKS (Klosko et al., 1999) and deep New Zealand subduction-zone earthquakes (Audoine et al., 2000) find that pervasive shear in the upper mantle accommodates the relative motio ...
Global patterns of bioturbation intensity and mixed depth of marine
... ABSTRACT: The importance of bioturbation in mediating biogeochemical processes in the upper centimetres of oceanic sediments provides a compelling reason for wanting to quantify in situ rates of bioturbation. Whilst several approaches can be used for estimating the rate and extent of bioturbation, m ...
... ABSTRACT: The importance of bioturbation in mediating biogeochemical processes in the upper centimetres of oceanic sediments provides a compelling reason for wanting to quantify in situ rates of bioturbation. Whilst several approaches can be used for estimating the rate and extent of bioturbation, m ...
Geofizikai közlemények - 45. köt. 4. sz. (2011. december)
... Based on the both, the seismic and the gravity modelling, two types of crust can be defined: the Dinaridic and the Pannonian (Fig. 4). The Dinaridic crust is comprised of two parts, the lower and the upper crust, whereas the Pannonian crust is virtually unified. The Dinaridic upper crust is characte ...
... Based on the both, the seismic and the gravity modelling, two types of crust can be defined: the Dinaridic and the Pannonian (Fig. 4). The Dinaridic crust is comprised of two parts, the lower and the upper crust, whereas the Pannonian crust is virtually unified. The Dinaridic upper crust is characte ...
Extrapolating Oceanic Age Distributions
... Extrapolation of the age distribution of oceanic lithosphere has played a significant role in assessments of variations in global mean spreading rate, global mean ocean basin depth, and implications for global mean sea level. Subduction has already removed 50% of oceanic lithosphere younger than 55. ...
... Extrapolation of the age distribution of oceanic lithosphere has played a significant role in assessments of variations in global mean spreading rate, global mean ocean basin depth, and implications for global mean sea level. Subduction has already removed 50% of oceanic lithosphere younger than 55. ...
Do faults trigger folding in the lithosphere
... that both processes may develop concurrently, so that faulting may serve as a mechanism of folding in the brittle domain. We support this hypothesis by direct numerical modeling. The results are compared with the data on three most prominent and well-known cases of the oceanic and continental foldin ...
... that both processes may develop concurrently, so that faulting may serve as a mechanism of folding in the brittle domain. We support this hypothesis by direct numerical modeling. The results are compared with the data on three most prominent and well-known cases of the oceanic and continental foldin ...
Consulta: subjectFacets:"Crustal structure" Registros recuperados
... For the first time, a deep seismic data set acquired in the frame of the Algerian-French SPIRAL program provides new insights regarding the origin of the westernmost Algerian margin and basin. We performed a tomographic inversion of traveltimes along a 100-km-long wide-angle seismic profile shot ov ...
... For the first time, a deep seismic data set acquired in the frame of the Algerian-French SPIRAL program provides new insights regarding the origin of the westernmost Algerian margin and basin. We performed a tomographic inversion of traveltimes along a 100-km-long wide-angle seismic profile shot ov ...
MTS Journal Part 2 - Ocean Innovations
... there is life even in the very deepest parts of the ocean. What started as a simple search for life has become over the years a search for answers to basic questions such as the number of species, their distribution ranges, and the composition of the fauna. The discovery of swarming snailfish at 7,70 ...
... there is life even in the very deepest parts of the ocean. What started as a simple search for life has become over the years a search for answers to basic questions such as the number of species, their distribution ranges, and the composition of the fauna. The discovery of swarming snailfish at 7,70 ...
the dynamic earth - Mater Academy Lakes High School
... The evidence that Wegener needed to support his hypothesis was discovered nearly two decades after his death. The evidence lay on the ocean floor. In 1947, a group of scientists set out to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is part of a system of mid-ocean ridges, which are undersea ...
... The evidence that Wegener needed to support his hypothesis was discovered nearly two decades after his death. The evidence lay on the ocean floor. In 1947, a group of scientists set out to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is part of a system of mid-ocean ridges, which are undersea ...
Plate tectonics and lithosphere architecture: temporal and spatial
... carbonatites) and high pressure inclusions (plagioclase, spinel, garnet, diamond facies mantle) provide valuable information about the nature and origin of the shallow mantle. Integration of experimental, geochemical and geophysical data permits reconstruction of the 'stratigraphy' of the lithospher ...
... carbonatites) and high pressure inclusions (plagioclase, spinel, garnet, diamond facies mantle) provide valuable information about the nature and origin of the shallow mantle. Integration of experimental, geochemical and geophysical data permits reconstruction of the 'stratigraphy' of the lithospher ...
Chapter 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
... and one companion set out on the return trip the next day, but they never made it home. Had Wegener survived to old age, he would have seen his hypothesis become the foundation of a scientific revolution. Today, geologists accept many aspects of Wegener’s ideas and take for granted that the map of t ...
... and one companion set out on the return trip the next day, but they never made it home. Had Wegener survived to old age, he would have seen his hypothesis become the foundation of a scientific revolution. Today, geologists accept many aspects of Wegener’s ideas and take for granted that the map of t ...
![Wegener Reading [Biography]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004189784_1-5fd15e1925a2c907481f1ec648102120-300x300.png)
Wegener Reading [Biography]
... rescue expedition that brought food to a party of his colleagues camped in the middle of the Greenland icecap, he died a day or two after his fiftieth birthday. While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed ...
... rescue expedition that brought food to a party of his colleagues camped in the middle of the Greenland icecap, he died a day or two after his fiftieth birthday. While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed ...
Phosphorus cycling in the Sargasso Sea: Investigation
... North Atlantic. They concluded this activity was due to enhanced utilization of the DOP pool in response to high levels of nitrogen fixation, forcing the system towards P-limitation. The third line of evidence is rapid turnover times above the thermocline (4 - 8 hours) that increases with depth to ...
... North Atlantic. They concluded this activity was due to enhanced utilization of the DOP pool in response to high levels of nitrogen fixation, forcing the system towards P-limitation. The third line of evidence is rapid turnover times above the thermocline (4 - 8 hours) that increases with depth to ...
MERCURY`S CALORIS PLAINS: CONTINUTITY BETWEEN
... marks’ in the form of grabens or steps at 2-6 km spacing, suggesting that the material flowing into the basin (descending <0.5 km vertically here) had a crust that became torn open but not totally disrupted, unless to form the knobs that are apparent at the distal end. The most parsimonious explanat ...
... marks’ in the form of grabens or steps at 2-6 km spacing, suggesting that the material flowing into the basin (descending <0.5 km vertically here) had a crust that became torn open but not totally disrupted, unless to form the knobs that are apparent at the distal end. The most parsimonious explanat ...
Are lithospheres forever?
... terranes of both Archaean and Proterozoic age. Mapping based on garnet and chromite concentrates from >50 kimberlites along this trend shows that within-craton domains with distinctive mantle stratigraphy coincide with crustal terranes mapped at the surface (Griffin et al., 1998a), implying that ind ...
... terranes of both Archaean and Proterozoic age. Mapping based on garnet and chromite concentrates from >50 kimberlites along this trend shows that within-craton domains with distinctive mantle stratigraphy coincide with crustal terranes mapped at the surface (Griffin et al., 1998a), implying that ind ...
INVITED REVIEW Petit-spot volcanism: A new type of volcanic zone
... multibeam surveys of the ocean floor are required to detect these volcanoes because they are only 1–2 km in diameter and only several hundred meters in height (Hirano et al., 2006). It has been shown that the acoustic reflectivity of a petit-spot is more than three times as high as that of the surro ...
... multibeam surveys of the ocean floor are required to detect these volcanoes because they are only 1–2 km in diameter and only several hundred meters in height (Hirano et al., 2006). It has been shown that the acoustic reflectivity of a petit-spot is more than three times as high as that of the surro ...
Plate Tectonics
... —the ground you sit on is moving! Just as Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo had trouble convincing people that Earth orbited the Sun when it clearly seemed that Earth was at the center of the universe and everything moved around it, early adherents to the idea that continents could move had to fight a ...
... —the ground you sit on is moving! Just as Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo had trouble convincing people that Earth orbited the Sun when it clearly seemed that Earth was at the center of the universe and everything moved around it, early adherents to the idea that continents could move had to fight a ...
Influence of bacterial uptake on deep
... the decay of the semilabile DOC of about 0.5 yr. Due to the short timescale for the decomposition of semilabile DOC into DIC they find that the deep-sea semilabile DOC concentration is only about 1 mM in the deep ocean with a maximum of about 3 mM in the deep northern Pacific. A similar timescale of ...
... the decay of the semilabile DOC of about 0.5 yr. Due to the short timescale for the decomposition of semilabile DOC into DIC they find that the deep-sea semilabile DOC concentration is only about 1 mM in the deep ocean with a maximum of about 3 mM in the deep northern Pacific. A similar timescale of ...
GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF THE UPPERMOST OCEANIC CRUST
... volcanism on our planet as well as its most dramatic manifestation of extensional tectonics. Hydrothermal fluxes driven by magmatic heat through fractures in the crust change both the compositions of the rocks as well as the chemistry of the oceans. Seafloor spreading, probably initially at high rat ...
... volcanism on our planet as well as its most dramatic manifestation of extensional tectonics. Hydrothermal fluxes driven by magmatic heat through fractures in the crust change both the compositions of the rocks as well as the chemistry of the oceans. Seafloor spreading, probably initially at high rat ...
FOOT OF THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE IN ARTICLE 76
... change in gradient, or where irregular seafloor topography results in a point with maximum change in gradient at its base that does not accurately reflect the edge of the continental margin. In these cases establishing the true extent of natural prolongation requires consideration not just of the ba ...
... change in gradient, or where irregular seafloor topography results in a point with maximum change in gradient at its base that does not accurately reflect the edge of the continental margin. In these cases establishing the true extent of natural prolongation requires consideration not just of the ba ...
Sensitivity of euphotic zone properties to CDOM variations in marine
... three terms represent attenuation due to clear water (Kw ), to phytoplankton biomass (kp P, where P is the phytoplankton concentration and kp the specific attenuation coefficient), and to other particulate and dissolved matter (Kx ). Bricaud and Stramski (1990) noted that models of primary production ...
... three terms represent attenuation due to clear water (Kw ), to phytoplankton biomass (kp P, where P is the phytoplankton concentration and kp the specific attenuation coefficient), and to other particulate and dissolved matter (Kx ). Bricaud and Stramski (1990) noted that models of primary production ...
Essential Standard Marine Biology
... M.B.2.1.1 Identify the different layers of the earth and describe how the asthenosphere affects the movement of tectonic plates M.B 2.1.2 Describe the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Students will identify the evidence supporting Wegener's theory of continental drift M.B 2.1.3 Descr ...
... M.B.2.1.1 Identify the different layers of the earth and describe how the asthenosphere affects the movement of tectonic plates M.B 2.1.2 Describe the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Students will identify the evidence supporting Wegener's theory of continental drift M.B 2.1.3 Descr ...
Lecture 46
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.