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Pub-2010 - Caltech GPS
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
Gabbro
... have a "basaltic" composition. However; only a thin surface veneer of oceanic crust is basalt. The deeper rocks of the oceanic crust are generally coarser-grained gabbro. Basalt occurs at the surface of the crust because the rocks there have cooled quickly. At greater depth the cooling rate is slowe ...
... have a "basaltic" composition. However; only a thin surface veneer of oceanic crust is basalt. The deeper rocks of the oceanic crust are generally coarser-grained gabbro. Basalt occurs at the surface of the crust because the rocks there have cooled quickly. At greater depth the cooling rate is slowe ...
the fate of subducted oceanic crust and the origin
... region [f]. The pyroxenite and peridotite solidii are exceeded at [g] and [h], respectively, generating a range of intraplate melts. In the plate model, upwelling results from mantle convection, and is illustrated for a potential mantle temperature of 13500C. The solidus for altered eclogite is reac ...
... region [f]. The pyroxenite and peridotite solidii are exceeded at [g] and [h], respectively, generating a range of intraplate melts. In the plate model, upwelling results from mantle convection, and is illustrated for a potential mantle temperature of 13500C. The solidus for altered eclogite is reac ...
Invited Review Gillian R. Foulger Dept. Earth Sciences, Science
... Long-term melt accumulation in reservoirs is difficult to argue on theoretical grounds. However, two lines of observational evidence suggest that it does occur and that such reservoirs can drain to the surface quickly and form flood basalts. First, the volumes and eruptive rates of the largest flood ...
... Long-term melt accumulation in reservoirs is difficult to argue on theoretical grounds. However, two lines of observational evidence suggest that it does occur and that such reservoirs can drain to the surface quickly and form flood basalts. First, the volumes and eruptive rates of the largest flood ...
NJ Ocean Acidification Charge Question
... Somewhat lowered pH is natural in some regions. For example, water off the Pacific coast of the United States is already at a low carbonate saturation level due to upwelling. When surface winds blow the top layer of water out from coastal regions, deeper water with higher acidity can well up, and po ...
... Somewhat lowered pH is natural in some regions. For example, water off the Pacific coast of the United States is already at a low carbonate saturation level due to upwelling. When surface winds blow the top layer of water out from coastal regions, deeper water with higher acidity can well up, and po ...
IDOE Workshop on Tectonic Patterns and Metallogenesis in East
... comparable area elsewhere. Additionally,the fact that much of the region now lies under water prevents extensive land studies of the plate boundaries, and multiplies the cost of field work; yet the presence of numerous islands, surrounded by depths of water varying from shallow to the-deepest known, ...
... comparable area elsewhere. Additionally,the fact that much of the region now lies under water prevents extensive land studies of the plate boundaries, and multiplies the cost of field work; yet the presence of numerous islands, surrounded by depths of water varying from shallow to the-deepest known, ...
Plate Tectonics
... field reversals to reconstruct Pangaea? Try this lab to see how you can determine where a continent may have been located in the past. ...
... field reversals to reconstruct Pangaea? Try this lab to see how you can determine where a continent may have been located in the past. ...
Inclusions in Sublithospheric Diamonds
... this is probably accomplished by redox fronts, where reducing fluids encounter oxidized rocks or vice versa. The deep asthenosphere and transition zone are expected to be fairly well mixed and more reduced than the lithospheric mantle, making the presence of redox fronts unlikely. A sinking oceanic ...
... this is probably accomplished by redox fronts, where reducing fluids encounter oxidized rocks or vice versa. The deep asthenosphere and transition zone are expected to be fairly well mixed and more reduced than the lithospheric mantle, making the presence of redox fronts unlikely. A sinking oceanic ...
Lithospheric layering in the North American craton
... How cratons—extremely stable continental areas of the Earth’s crust—formed and remained largely unchanged for more than 2,500 million years is much debated. Recent studies of seismic-wave receiver function data have detected a structural boundary under continental cratons at depths too shallow to be ...
... How cratons—extremely stable continental areas of the Earth’s crust—formed and remained largely unchanged for more than 2,500 million years is much debated. Recent studies of seismic-wave receiver function data have detected a structural boundary under continental cratons at depths too shallow to be ...
Renewable Energies from the Ocean.pdf
... Air–sea interaction is, according to Geer (1), the interchange of energy (e.g., heat and kinetic energy) and mass (e.g., moisture and particles) that takes place across the active surface interface between the top layer of the ocean and the layer of air in contact with it and vice versa. The fluxes ...
... Air–sea interaction is, according to Geer (1), the interchange of energy (e.g., heat and kinetic energy) and mass (e.g., moisture and particles) that takes place across the active surface interface between the top layer of the ocean and the layer of air in contact with it and vice versa. The fluxes ...
Dependence of mid-ocean ridge morphology on spreading rate in
... 1993). As pointed out by Kappel and Ryan (1986), the morphology of ridges with intermediate spreading rates can also vary through time. In spite of their differences, slow-, intermediate- and fast-spreading ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 446323088. E-mail address: [email protected] (C ...
... 1993). As pointed out by Kappel and Ryan (1986), the morphology of ridges with intermediate spreading rates can also vary through time. In spite of their differences, slow-, intermediate- and fast-spreading ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 446323088. E-mail address: [email protected] (C ...
Download PDF-
... A look at the tectonic map of Europe (Schatsky, Bogdanoff & Mouratov 1964) is enough to convince us of the complexity of structure of this part of the world. In particular, the main tectonic features are arranged in a much more contorted pattern at smaller scale than those of the United States, espe ...
... A look at the tectonic map of Europe (Schatsky, Bogdanoff & Mouratov 1964) is enough to convince us of the complexity of structure of this part of the world. In particular, the main tectonic features are arranged in a much more contorted pattern at smaller scale than those of the United States, espe ...
Evidence for plate tectonics, part 1
... The results of plate tectonic processes abound, from the mighty folds of the ancient and well worn Appalachians, the majestic escarpments of the East African Rift Valley and the Palisades of the Hudson River, and the volcanoes that imperil cities in Iceland, Indonesia, Japan and Mexico. Even idylli ...
... The results of plate tectonic processes abound, from the mighty folds of the ancient and well worn Appalachians, the majestic escarpments of the East African Rift Valley and the Palisades of the Hudson River, and the volcanoes that imperil cities in Iceland, Indonesia, Japan and Mexico. Even idylli ...
June 2006 in Valdez, Alaska
... and temporal progressions that are not accessible in active oceanic arcs. Both areas have been the subject of large, multidisciplinary projects over the past decade, including the Talkeetna Continental Dynamics Project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Recent intensive investigations o ...
... and temporal progressions that are not accessible in active oceanic arcs. Both areas have been the subject of large, multidisciplinary projects over the past decade, including the Talkeetna Continental Dynamics Project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Recent intensive investigations o ...
- AMS Tesi di Dottorato
... My PhD thesis consists of seven chapters and a final conclusion. In the first chapter I described the geodynamic of tectonic islands in three paragraphs, with a description of the main features of midocean ridges, of oceanic core complexes and of oceanic transform faults. The second chapter includes ...
... My PhD thesis consists of seven chapters and a final conclusion. In the first chapter I described the geodynamic of tectonic islands in three paragraphs, with a description of the main features of midocean ridges, of oceanic core complexes and of oceanic transform faults. The second chapter includes ...
Relocation and assessment of seismicity in the Iran region
... More than 2000 instrumentally recorded earthquakes occurring in the Iran region during the period 1918–2004 have been relocated and reassessed, with special attention to focal depth, using an advanced technique for 1-D earthquake location. A careful review of starting depths, association of teleseis ...
... More than 2000 instrumentally recorded earthquakes occurring in the Iran region during the period 1918–2004 have been relocated and reassessed, with special attention to focal depth, using an advanced technique for 1-D earthquake location. A careful review of starting depths, association of teleseis ...
Secular Variation in the Composition of the Subcontinental
... mantle-derived peridotites, and the major- and traceelement compositions of >8000 mantle-derived Crpyrope garnets, indicates that lithospheric mantle has formed episodically from the Archean to the present. The data document a secular and apparently irreversible change in the chemical composition of ...
... mantle-derived peridotites, and the major- and traceelement compositions of >8000 mantle-derived Crpyrope garnets, indicates that lithospheric mantle has formed episodically from the Archean to the present. The data document a secular and apparently irreversible change in the chemical composition of ...
Water-Mass Transformations in a Neutral Density Framework and
... treatment of the solar shortwave contribution to nearsurface heat fluxes. In contrast to the other components of the air–sea interaction, the solar shortwave radiation penetrates into the subsurface layers, with an exponential decay having an e-folding depth varying from less than 1 to 20 m (e.g., ...
... treatment of the solar shortwave contribution to nearsurface heat fluxes. In contrast to the other components of the air–sea interaction, the solar shortwave radiation penetrates into the subsurface layers, with an exponential decay having an e-folding depth varying from less than 1 to 20 m (e.g., ...
Registered talks and posters, OMARC conference
... Pressurised coring and ‘in-situ’ monitoring systems for deep-sea research on gas hydrates, geomicrobiology and other specific ecosystem research - one case study: Anaximander Mountains, Eastern Mediterranean Deep sea environment: may it be a final sink of Persistent Organic Pollutants? The case of t ...
... Pressurised coring and ‘in-situ’ monitoring systems for deep-sea research on gas hydrates, geomicrobiology and other specific ecosystem research - one case study: Anaximander Mountains, Eastern Mediterranean Deep sea environment: may it be a final sink of Persistent Organic Pollutants? The case of t ...
Student_Worksheet_sediments
... basins and the nature of the sea floor. This was the first time that such a large and organized attempt was made to study marine sediments and the sea floor. The data it generated has greatly expanded the field of oceanography as well as our understanding of climate change, Earth history, marine res ...
... basins and the nature of the sea floor. This was the first time that such a large and organized attempt was made to study marine sediments and the sea floor. The data it generated has greatly expanded the field of oceanography as well as our understanding of climate change, Earth history, marine res ...
Can Flood Geology Explain Thick Chalk Layers.indd
... multiplying at the rate of 2.25 divisions per day. Roth suggests that if we assume an average coccolith has a volume of 22 × 10 –12 cm3, an average weight of 60 × 10-12 g per coccolith (Honjo, 1976), 20 coccoliths produced per coccolithophore, 13 × 106 coccolithophores per liter of ocean water (Blac ...
... multiplying at the rate of 2.25 divisions per day. Roth suggests that if we assume an average coccolith has a volume of 22 × 10 –12 cm3, an average weight of 60 × 10-12 g per coccolith (Honjo, 1976), 20 coccoliths produced per coccolithophore, 13 × 106 coccolithophores per liter of ocean water (Blac ...
Seismic velocity structure of the rifted margin of the eastern Grand
... of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. This velocity model was obtained by a tomographic inversion of wide-angle data recorded on a linear array of 24 ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). At the landward side, we imaged a crustal thickness of 27 km in Flemish Pass and beneath Beothuk Knoll, which ...
... of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. This velocity model was obtained by a tomographic inversion of wide-angle data recorded on a linear array of 24 ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). At the landward side, we imaged a crustal thickness of 27 km in Flemish Pass and beneath Beothuk Knoll, which ...
Vailulu’u Seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano
... depth (CTD) profiles in the crater yielded relatively constant gradients in potential density and temperature (Fig. 2; ref. 12) with significant density and temperature inversions only in the immediate vicinity of the NMHC (Fig. 1). This result shows overall that a stable density structure in the cr ...
... depth (CTD) profiles in the crater yielded relatively constant gradients in potential density and temperature (Fig. 2; ref. 12) with significant density and temperature inversions only in the immediate vicinity of the NMHC (Fig. 1). This result shows overall that a stable density structure in the cr ...
Clutch tectonics and the partial attachment of lithospheric layers
... crustal deformation is driven from below by mantle flow. Using a simple example of vertical-axis rotating blocks in California, they predicted a plate motion very similar to present estimates of transcurrent motion at this boundary. Subsequent surveys show similar results: block-fault rotation accom ...
... crustal deformation is driven from below by mantle flow. Using a simple example of vertical-axis rotating blocks in California, they predicted a plate motion very similar to present estimates of transcurrent motion at this boundary. Subsequent surveys show similar results: block-fault rotation accom ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.